Analysis of Piezoelectric Energy Transfer with Plate Technology

1. Analysis of Piezoelectric Energy Transfer with Plate Technology Teacher: Mrs. King Name: Alexis Hopkins Grade: 8

2. Agenda or Summary Layout Item 1 A second line of text could go here Question, Variables and Hypothesis Experimental Procedures Data Analysis and Discussion Background Research Materials Item 2 Item 3 Item 4 Item 5

3. Agenda or Summary Layout Item 6 A second line of text could go here Conclusions Acknowledgement B ibliography Item 7 Item 8

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5. Question • What is the optimal conveyance system and optimal frequency for the transfer of energy from a flat plate piezoelectric system to energy storage or as feedback to a system? • A flat plate piezoelectric system is a pressure plate with a piezoelectric device embedded in the pressure plate. • A conveyance system for the purposes of this experiment will include common land conveyances of man including bipedal, bicycle, motorcycle and automobiles. • All conveyances will be defined by their weight and frequency. • An energy storage system is any system that can convert the output of a flat plate piezoelectric system into a battery. • A feedback system is any system that directly uses the output of a flat plate piezoelectric system.

6. Hypothesis If the energy production of a piezoelectric crystal is limited to the recovery time of the crystal to the pressure applied to the crystal, then the optimal conveyance system and optimal frequency for a flat plate piezoelectric system would be derived from the conveyance system which does not permanently crush the piezoelectric device embedded in the flat plate during the application of the system to the flat plate.

7. Discussion of Sample Size and Trials • I plan to have four trials in my experiment. • The four trials will consist of four different piezoelectric crystals. The sample size depends on the test I will be performing. • I will be performing a continuity test, a resistance test, a peak voltage test, a frequency test and a weight test. • I will have a sample size of 1 for the continuity and resistance tests. • I will have a sample size of 10 for the peak voltage and frequency tests. • I will have a samples size of 3 for the weight test. • I will compare the performance of the crystals based on the data from the five tests to three types of conveyances. • Each conveyance will be categorized by operating speeds (frequencies) and weight. The range of frequencies will be reduced to the most common frequencies used.

8. Variables • Independent Variable • The independent variable in this experiment is the flat plate piezoelectric systems. • Dependent Variable • The dependent variables in this experiment are the voltage and current produced by the flat plate piezoelectric system. • Control Group • The control group will be the minimal frequency which all test cases can be based on. I expect this to be the equivalent frequency of one footstep per second for an average size person. • Constants • The constants in the experiment will be the size of the flat plate piezoelectric system, the weight of the masses dropped on the system and the frequencies of each conveyance test case.

9. Background Research • Piezoelectricity is the production of electricity by the application of pressure on a substance. • Electricity is characterized by the terms voltage, current and resistance. • Flat Plate Technology is the concept of inserting a substance between two plates. • Energy storage is the storage of energy in a battery or other storage device. • Crushing pressure is the amount of pressure required to damage an item. • Quartz is one of the most abundant minerals on Earth. It ranks 7 out of 10 on the Mohs scale, which determines the hardness of a mineral, which means that it can be very difficult to crush.

10. Background Research • Rochelle salt is known in the scientific area as potassium sodium tartrate. • Rochelle salt has been used as a laxative and used in the process to make the silver lining on mirrors. • Rochelle salt can be made from baking soda and cream of tartar. Both of these items are commonly found in most kitchens. • Rochelle salt was one of the first materials discovered to produce piezoelectric qualities. • Rochelle salt crystals have been used in needles of record players, microphones and earpieces.

11. Background Research • Some materials conduct electricity. These materials are called conductors. • Some materials do not conduct electricity. These materials are called non-conductors. • If you attach a multimeter to a conductor and select the Continuity Test, you will hear a steady tone indicating that electricity can conduct through that conductor. • DC or Direct Current is used to describe systems that provide a constant non-varying voltage or current. • AC or Alternating Current is used to describe systems that provide changing voltage or current.

12. Materials List • Crystal Made from Scratch • 500 g (1 lb) of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate)[NaHCO3] • 200 g (7 oz) of cream of tartar (potassium bitartrate)[KHC4H4O6] [see note below] • Oven • Pyrex container • 500 mL (2 cup) glass beaker or Pyrex measuring cup • Sauce pan with water • 2 mL (1/2 tsp) measuring spoon • Spoon for stirring • Coffee Filter • Filter paper or paper toweling • Distilled or demineralized water • A shallow dish (e.g., Petri) • Heating plate or stove • Thermometer • Balance • Plastic or glass container • Heating plate • Beaker of 2 to 4 liters

13. Materials List • Other Items • Quartz Crystals • 3 – Double Hex Quartz • 1 – Small Quartz • Oscilloscope with leads • Multimeter with leads • 9 – 15 cm x 15 cm Aluminum Foil • Sharpie® • Butter Spreader • Roll of Paper Towels • Calculator • Box of Plastic Sandwich Bags • Wire Ties • C-Clamp (7.7 cm) • No. 2 Pencil (16 cm) • 2 Sets of wires with Alligator Clips on each end • Ruler • Pair of cutting pliers

14. Experimental Procedures • First Reaction –Making Sodium Carbonate • This involves the conversion of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate)[NaHCO3] to sodium carbonate(washing soda)[Na2CO3] • Place the contents of a 500 g box of baking soda into a suitable Pyrex container. • Heat in an oven at about (65 deg C for one hour. • Increase the temperature to 120 deg C and hold there for about an hour. • Repeat this increase for 175 and 230 deg C, for an hour each. • Remove the container and allow cooling to room temperature. • Place the sodium carbonate into a sealed container until used further.

15. Experimental Procedures • Second Reaction – Making Rochelle salt • This involves the reaction of cream of tartar (potassium bitartrate formulation only)[KHC4H4O6] with sodium carbonate [Na2CO3] to produce Rochelle salt (potassium sodium tartrate)[NaKC4H4O6]. • Place a suspension of 200 g (7 oz) (maximum) of cream of tartar in 250 mL (one cup) of water into a beaker of at least 500 mL (2 cups) capacity. • Heat the beaker by placing it into a saucepan containing water. • Heat the saucepan (e.g. on a stove or laboratory hot plate) until the outer water is just simmering. • Add about half a teaspoon (2.5 mL) of sodium carbonate to the beaker and stir the contents. The solution will bubble. • Add more sodium carbonate stepwise until no more bubbles form. • Filter the hot solution by using filter paper of a coffee filter. • Concentrate the solution (by evaporation) to about 400 mL or a little less by heating. • Allow the filtrate to cool and then store in a cool place for several days. • Collect the resulting crystals by decantation (pouring the excess liquid into another container) or by filtration. • Dry the crystals by blotting with clean filter paper or paper toweling. • For a better yield, concentrate again this solution left over after step 9 by heating and repeat steps 7 to10 above. • This should yield about 210 g of Rochelle salt.

16. Experimental Procedures • Removal Rochelle Crystals • Use the butter spreader to remove Rochelle salt from the container. • Separate Rochelle salt by size. • Flakes. • Small Crystals (smaller than 1.25 cm3, roughly .5 cm x .5 cm x .5 cm). • Large Crystals (larger than 1.25 cm3, roughly .5 cm x .5 cm x .5 cm). • Measure volume and weight of the Rochelle salt • Measure the flakes as a volume and weight of all flakes. • Measure the small crystals as a volume and weight of all small crystals. • Measure each large crystal. • Describe the appearance of the Rochelle salt

17. Experimental Procedures • Quartz Crystals • Measure the dimensions of each Quartz crystal. • Calculate the volume of each Quartz crystal. • Describe the appearance of the Quartz crystal.

18. Experimental Procedures • Simulated Flat Plate Assembly • Cut 2 aluminum foil patches 15 cm x 15 cm • Fold each in half length wise twice • Fold each in half width wise once • This creates two flat electrical conducting patches about 3.75 cm x 2.5 cm in size. • Cut 2 paper towel patches 28 cm x 14 cm • Fold each in half length wise three times • Fold each in half width wise twice • This creates two non electrical conducting patches about 13 cm x 7 cm in size. • Cut ends off of a pencil to make a striking pin. • Assemble Electrical Contact Surfaces • Pack a layer of paper towel covered by a layer of aluminum foil against opposing sides of a crystal. • This allows me to insert the assembly (paper towel – foil – crystal – foil – paper towel) inside of a C-Clamp. • Tighten the C-Clamp to hold assembly. • This creates a good electrical contract with each piece of the foil to the crystal without applying too much pressure on the crystal.

19. Experimental Procedures • Select Crystals for Testing • Review the data obtained to this point and select which crystals will be used in the testing. • Base the selection on how well each crystal will fit in the test equipment and survive the testing.

20. Experimental Procedures • Continuity and Resistance Test • Select a crystal (Rochelle salt or Quartz). • Assemble a simulated flat plate assembly per the directions above. • Inspect the assembly to verify that the two aluminum foil plates do not touch each other. • Attach an alligator clip (black) to one electrical contact surface (foil). Attach the alligator clip at the other end of the cable to the common port of the multimeter. • Attach an alligator clip (red) to the other electrical contact surface (foil). Attach the alligator clip at the other end of the cable to ohm / voltage port of the multimeter. • Perform a continuity test. I expect that there will be no continuity. There should be no current flowing through the assembly at this point. • Select the highest resistance setting on the multimeter (10 Mega Ohms). Verify the resistance is more than 10 Mega Ohms.

21. Experimental Procedures • Peak Voltage Test • Select a crystal (Rochelle salt or Quartz). • Assemble a simulated flat plate assembly per the directions above. • Inspect the assembly to verify that the two aluminum foil plates do not touch each other. • Attach an alligator clip (black) to one electrical contact surface (foil). Attach the alligator clip at the other end of the cable to the common port of the multimeter. • Attach an alligator clip (red) to the other electrical contact surface (foil). Attach the alligator clip at the other end of the cable to ohm / voltage port of the multimeter. • Place the simulated flat plate assembly on a non-conductive table top. • Select the 2 Volts DC setting on the multimeter. • Place one end of the pencil on the crystal. • Strike the pencil to verify voltage is created by observing the reading on the multimeter. • Record Peak Voltage 10 times by striking the crystal 10 times. • Select the 2 Volts AC setting on the multimeter. • Record Peak Voltage 10 times by striking the crystal 10 times. • Repeat steps 1 through 12 for the remaining crystals.

22. Experimental Procedures • Frequency Test • Select a crystal (Rochelle salt or Quartz). • Assemble a simulated flat plate assembly per the directions above. • Inspect the assembly to verify that the two aluminum foil plates do not touch each other. • Attach an alligator clip (black) to one electrical contact surface (foil). Attach the alligator clip at the other end of the cable to a lead on the probe connected to the Oscilloscope. • Attach an alligator clip (red) to the other electrical contact surface (foil). Attach the alligator clip at the other end of the cable to the other lead on the probe connected to the Oscilloscope . • Place the simulated flat plate assembly on a non-conductive table top. • Select the following on the Oscilloscope. • Set Volts / Division to .1 volts • Select DC • Select Trigger to CH 1 with Auto-trigger on and 2 millisecond setting. • Adjust wave form to center screen. • Setup a metronome to a frequency from the list below. (60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120, 132, 144, 152, 168, 184 beats per minute) • Place one end of the pencil on the crystal. • Strike the pencil to verify voltage is created by observing the reading on the Oscilloscope. • Record Peak Voltage 10 times by striking the crystal 10 times. • Record the time it takes for the signal to return to 0 volts 10 times by striking the crystal 10 times. • Repeat steps 8 through 12 one time for each frequency. • Repeat steps 1 through 13 for the remaining crystals.

23. Experimental Procedures • Weight Test • Select a crystal (Rochelle salt or Quartz). • Assemble a simulated flat plate assembly per the directions above. • Inspect the assembly to verify that the two aluminum foil plates do not touch each other. • Attach an alligator clip (black) to one electrical contact surface (foil). Attach the alligator clip at the other end of the cable to the common port of the multimeter. • Attach an alligator clip (red) to the other electrical contact surface (foil). Attach the alligator clip at the other end of the cable to ohm / voltage port of the multimeter. • Place the simulated flat plate assembly on a non-conductive table top. • Load a BB Jar with BB’s to a weight from the list below (100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700 , 800, 900, 1000 grams) • Place one end of the pencil on the crystal. • Strike the pencil to verify voltage is created by observing the reading on the multimeter. • Record Peak Voltage 3 times by striking the crystal from a height of 5 cm. • Repeat steps 7 through 10 one time for each frequency. • Repeat steps 1 through 11 for the remaining crystals.

24. Rochelle salt Dimensions

25. Rochelle salt Appearance

26. Quartz Crystal Dimensions

27. Quartz Crystal Appearance

28. Selection of Crystals • The Rochelle flakes and small crystals are too small to fit into the test equipment. Rochelle salt large crystal is medium sized of the five large crystals. I will use this crystal for my Rochelle salt test. • Quartz #1, #2 and #3 fit nicely in the test equipment. Quartz #4 is too small for the test equipment.

29. Continuity and Resistance Test

30. Peak Voltage Tests Quartz 1 Quartz 2 Quartz 3 Rochelle salt

31. Peak Voltage Test Analysis • All crystals provide both DC and AC voltages. • The average voltage is less than 1 volt and greater than .1 volts with the exception of Quartz # 1. • The crystals do produce electricity. • The Rochelle salt crumbled on the first strike. I placed all of the remains into a plastic bag, tied with a zip tie. I modified the foil plates to include a point which was inserted into the crushed Rochelle salt through a hole in the plastic bag. Even crushed, the Rochelle salt produce electricity.

32. Frequency Test – Quartz 1 Voltage

33. Frequency Test – Quartz 1 Time to 0

34. Frequency Test – Quartz 2 Voltage

35. Frequency Test – Quartz 2 Time to 0

36. Frequency Test – Quartz 3 Voltage

37. Frequency Test – Quartz 3 Time to 0

38. Frequency Test – Rochelle salt Voltage

39. Frequency Test – Rochelle salt Time to 0

40. Peak Voltage over Frequency

41. Time to Zero Voltage in Milliseconds

42. Frequency Test Analysis • The frequency range was from 1 Hertz (60 bpm) to 3.07 Hertz (184). • Except for one test case, the peak voltage ranged from .05 to .15 volts over the range of tested frequencies. • I can conclude that the voltage output from any of the crystals is not dependent on frequencies less than 3.1 Hertz. • The time to zero volts ranged from approximately 6 milliseconds to 12 milliseconds for all crystals over the range of tested frequencies. • The Quartz crystals were mostly around 6 milliseconds. • The Rochelle salt was around 12 milliseconds up to 2.5 Hertz.

43. Weight Test – Quartz 1

44. Weight Test – Quartz 2

45. Weight Test – Quartz 3

46. Weight Test – Rochelle salt

47. Peak Voltage over Weight in grams

48. Peak Voltage over Weight in grams

49. Peak Voltage over Weight in grams

50. Weight Test Analysis • In general, increasing the weight increases the peak voltage. • The increase is not linear. • Quartz 1 and Quartz 2 observed overloads at the higher weights. An overload is a measurement beyond the ability of the multimeter. • Quartz 3 and Rochelle salt provided much lower voltage than Quartz 1 and Quartz 2. • Quartz 1 and 2 were longer than they were wide. Quartz 3 was about as long as it was wide.