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Medical Technology. Pharmaceuticals Chemical substances that are used in the treatment, cure, prevention & diagnoses of disease Pharmacology : study of drugs Pharmacogenomics : study of effect of genetic variation (whole genome) on patient’s response to drugs
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Pharmaceuticals • Chemical substances that are used in the treatment, cure, prevention & diagnoses of disease • Pharmacology: study of drugs • Pharmacogenomics: study of effect of genetic variation (whole genome) on patient’s response to drugs • Pharmacogenetics: study of effect of specific genes on patient’s response to drugs • Analgesics: pain relieving drugs • Non-opioid: mild to moderate pain, over the counter. E.g. paracetamol, aspirin • Opioid: severe pain, generally prescription needed. E.g. codine, morphine, oxycodone
Anti-inflammatories: reduce inflammation • Inflammation: response to injury / disease pain, swelling, redness, heat • Corticosteroids: steroids which bind to cortisol receptors, preventing cortisol (damage repair hormone) release. • Prolonged use may be detrimental (e.g. osteoporosis) • Used to treat: asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, eczema. • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID): inhibit COX enzyme (cyclo-oxygenase), which means body can’t make prostaglandins. (hormone like substance which causes inflammation) • Prolonged use may be detrimental (e.g. stomach disorders) • e.g. aspirin, ibuprofen, indomethacin and naproxen.
Statins: lower bad cholesterol levels (low density lipoprotein) • Prescribed, people with CV disease, • Inhibit enzyme produced in liver blocking metabolic pathway • May cause liver damage and muscle pain • Antibiotics: fight bacterial infections
Alzheimer’s disease • Form of dementia, generally for people over 65. • Memory los, confusion, mood swings, aggression, general withdrawal • No cure but limited treatment acetylcholinesterase inhibitors ( Reminyl & Aricept) result in more of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine reduces symptoms • Parkinson’s disease • Shaking, slow movements, muscle stiffness, stooped posture, impaired speech • Deficiency in neurotransmitter, dopamine. • Treatments includes dopamine or drugs which reduce acetylcholine which needs to be in balance with dopamine. • Drug delivery • Injections • Tablets / capsules • Ointments / creams • Suppositories (capsules inserted into rectum, vagina or urethra) • Inhalation (nasal spray, inhaler) • Skin patches • Implanted slow release capsules • Slow release pumps
Biotechnology • Tissue regeneration • Regenerative medicine: tissue engineering. Growth of certain tissue types in a lab • Requires: tissue type cells, matrix to support cells, substances that act as cell communicators (initiate division and growth) • E.g 2D - skin, bone, cartilage. 3D – tendons, knee cartilage • Spray-on-skin • Production of skin cells in 5 days (rather than 21) • Used to treat burns or other skin trauma (fast response reduces scarring) • Produced by Dr Fiona Wood (from WA) • Stem cells • Undifferentiated, can divided repeatedly, can differentiate into different types of cells • Aldultvs embryonic stem cells • Totipotent: potential to create any/all cell types. (found in zygote – 1st five days) • Pluripotent: Potential to create foetal cell types (but not embryonic membranes) (found in ICM) • Multipotent: Potential to create cell types which are linked by a particular function. (blood stem cell RBC, WBC etc)
Transplants • Heart, liver, lungs, kidneys, pancreas • Bone marrow, heart valves, skin, cornea • Taken from the recently deceased • Grafts • Transplant of only part of an organ • Skin, tendon, bone, nerves