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Explore the cultural richness of Italy during the Renaissance period, focusing on major cities like Florence, Rome, Milan, Venice, and Urbino. Dive into Leonardo da Vinci's notebooks, Last Supper, Frescoes by Raphael, and the significance of High Renaissance vs. Early Renaissance. Discover the influences of prominent artists like Andrea del Castagno and Masaccio, and unravel the intellectual depth depicted in artworks like the School of Athens.
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Italy in the Renaissance Note the cities of Florence, Rome, Milan, Venice, and Urbino.
Sample pages from Leonardo da Vinci’s notebooks (Some 15,000 such pages survive!)
Leonardo da Vinci, Last Supper, 1495-98 Painted on the wall of a refectory (dining hall) of a convent in Milan
Leonardo, Last Supper Actual-size early (c. 1520) copy of the Last Supper by Giampietrino, a close follower of Leonardo
Diagram of Last Supper showing orthogonals converging on the head of Christ
Christ gesturing toward a piece of bread and reaching for a glass of wine (“This is my body. . . . this is my blood”; Matthew 26)
High Renaissance vs. Early Renaissance Andrea del Castagno, Last Supper (c. 1450)
Castagno Leonardo
Frescoes by Raphael representing the four principal fields of Renaissance learning: • Philosophy • Theology • Poetry (or Literature) • Law Stanza della Segnatura (“Room of the Signature”) in the Vatican Palace, Rome. Originally the study of Pope Julius II: nephew of Pope Sixtus IV and patron of Raphael, Michelangelo, and Bramante. Raphael painted it from 1508 to 1511.
School of Athens Plato and Aristotle: the two most important ancient Greek philosophers Note: Plato holds a copy of his treatise Timaeus (labeled TIMEO); Aristotle holds a copy of his Ethics (labeled ETICA).
Detail: Pythagoras and others, including Pope Julius’s nephew, Francesco Maria della Rovere
Detail: “spherical” group of figures, including Bramante—the great High Renaissance architect—in the guise of the philosopher-mathematician Euclid.
Detail including Raphael’s self-portrait
Contemporary statements about the nature of painting: Leonardo: Painting is una cosa mentale (“a mental thing”) Michelangelo: Si dipinge col cervello, e non con le mani (“you paint with your brain, and not with your hands”) Contrast these statements with the one Italians made about Flemish painting: “The northerners have their brains in their hands” – hanno il cervello nelle mani. Detail including Raphael’s self-portrait
Frescoes in the “Room of Galatea” in the Villa Farnesina, Rome A villa is a rural or suburban residence: a sort of country estate. The Villa Farnesina was originally owned by Agostino Chigi, banker to three successive Renaissance popes. Raphael, Galatea, c. 1513
Botticelli, Birth of Venus, c. 1485 Raphael, Galatea, c. 1513 Early Renaissance vs. High Renaissance
Detail Raphael, Galatea
Raphael, Galatea, c. 1513 Titian, Pesaro Altarpiece, 1526
Masaccio, Trinity, c. 1425 Titian, Pesaro Altarpiece, 1526 Early Renaissance vs. High Renaissance
Detail Titian, Pesaro Altarpiece
Detail: members of the Pesaro family Titian, Pesaro Altarpiece