ATM Communications Navigation and Surveillance

1. ATM Communications Navigation and Surveillance SYST 460 560 Fall 2003 G.L. Donohue

2. Evolution of CNS/ATM ADS-B GPS 1935, an airline consortium opened the first Airway Traffic Control Station 1922 ATC begins 1940s Impact of radar 1930 Control Tower Airway Centers 1960s & 70s Page 11-15 Katon, Fried

3. Radio Frequencies

4. Line-of-Sight Waves VHF and UHF have about 70 nmi. Range at 6,000 ft. altitude Line-of-sight range

5. Weather • Instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) are weather conditions in which visibility is restricted, typically less than 3 miles • Acft operating in IMC are supposed to fly under IFR

6. Visibility Categories (by ICAO) (1) • Category I • Decision height not lower than 200 ft; visibility not less than 2600 ft, or Runway Visual Range (RVR) not less than 1800 ft with appropriate runway lighting. • The pilot must have visual reference to the runway at the 200ft DH above the runway or abort the landing. • Acft require ILS and marker-beacon receiver beyond other requirements for flights under IFR. • Category I approaches are performed routinely by pilots with instrument ratings

7. Visibility Categories (by ICAO) (2) • Category II • DH not lower than 100 ft & RVR not less than 1200 ft (350m) • The pilot must see the runway above the DH or abort the landing • Additional equipment that acft must carry include dual ILS receivers, either a radar altimeter or an inner-marker receiver to measure the DH, an autopilot coupler or dual flight directors, two pilots, rain-removal equipment (wipers or chemicals), and missed-approach attitude guidance. An auto-throttle system also may be required

8. Visibility Categories (by ICAO) (3) • Category III subdivided into • IIIA. DH lower than 100 ft and RVR not less than 700 ft (200m)-sometimes called see to land: it requires a fail-passive autopilot or a head-up display • IIIB. DH low than 50 ft & RVR not less than 150 ft (50m)-sometimes called see to taxi; it requires a fail-operational autopilot & an automatic rollout to taxing speed • IIIC. Zero visibility. No DH or RVR limits. It has not been approved anywhere in the world

9. Decision Height • Acfts are certified for decision heights, as are crews • When a crew lands an acft at an airport, the highest of the three DHs applies. • An abort at the DH is based on visibility • Alert height is the altitude below which landing may continue in case of equipment failure • Typical Alert height is 100 ft

10. Integrated Avionics Subsystems (1) • Navigation • Communication • intercom among the crew members & one or more external two-way voice & data links • Flight control • Stability augmentation & autopilot • The former points the airframe & controls its oscillations • The latter provides such functions as attitude-hold, heading-hold, altitude hold • Engine control • The electronic control of engine thrust(throttle management)

11. Integrated Avionics Subsystems (2) • Flight management • Stores the coordinates of en-route waypoints and calculates the steering signals to fly toward them • Subsystem monitoring & control • Displays faults in all subsystems and recommends actions to be taken • Collision-avoidance • Predicts impending collision with other acft or the ground & recommends an avoidance maneuver

12. Integrated Avionics Subsystems (3) • Weather detection • Observes weather ahead of the acft so that the route of flight can be alerted to avoid thunderstorms & areas of high wind shears • Sensors are usually radar and laser • Emergency locator transmitter(ELT) • Is triggered automatically on high-g impact or manually • Emit distinctive tones on 121.5, 243, and 406 MHz

13. The Vehicle Avionics Placement on multi-purpose transport

14. Architecture (1) • Displays; • Present information from avionics to the pilot • Information consists of vertical and horizontal navigation data, flight-control data (e.g. speed and angle of attack), and communication data (radio frequencies)

15. Architecture (2) • Flight controls; • The means of inputting information from the pilot to the avionics • Traditionally consists of rudder pedals and a control-column or stick • Switches are mounted on the control column, stick, throttle, and hand-controllers

16. Architecture (3) • Computation; • The method of processing sensor data • Two extreme organizations exist: • Centralized; Data from all sensors are collected in a bank of central computer in which software from several subsystems are intermingled • Decentralized; Each traditional subsystem retains its integrity

17. Architecture (4) • Data buses • Copper or fiber-optics paths among sensors, computers, actuators, displays, and controls • Safety partitioning • Commercial acft sometimes divide the avionics to; • Highly redundant safety-critical flight-control system • Dually redundant ,mission-critical flight-management system • Non-redundant maintenance system • Military acrft sometimes partition their avionics for reason other than safety

18. Architecture (5) • Environment • Avionics equipment are subject to; • acft-generated electricity-power transient, whose effects are reduced by filtering and batteries, • externally generated disturbances from radio transmitters, lightening, and high-intensity radiated fields • The effect of external disturbances are reduced by • shielding metal wires and by using fiberoptic data buses • add a Faraday shielding to meal skin of the acft

19. Architecture (6) • Standards • Navaid signals in space are standardized by ICAO • Interfaces among airborne subsystems, within the acft, are standardized by Aeronautical Radio INC. (ARINC), Annapolis Maryland, a nonprofit organization owned by member airlines • Other Standards are set by: • Radio Technical Commissions for Aeronautics, Washington DC • European Organization for Civil Aviation Equipment (EUROCAE) • etc.

20. Human Navigator • Large acft often had (before 1970) a third crew member, flight engineer: • To operate engines and acft subsystems e.g. air conditioning and hydraulics) • Use celestial fixes for positioning • Production of cockpits with inertial, doppler, and radio equipments facilitated the automatically stations selection, position/waypoint steering calculations and eliminated the number of cockpit crew to two or one.

21. Communications is the Glue for ATM-CNS

22. Context for Communication Architecture Operational Concepts Services Flt Plan Service ATC Advisory Traffic Mgmt Synchronization Functional Capabilities FP Processing Process user preferences Message Types Message Types Message Types Tech Concepts FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE • FIS • TIS • CPDLC • CPC • DSSDL • AOCDL • ADS-B • AUTOMET • APAXS Communications Architecture • VHF-AM • ACARS • VDL-2 • VDL-3 • VDL-4 • VDL-B • SATCOM • MODE-S • UAT • HFDL Enabling Communication Links

23. Air-Ground Comm Functional Architecture NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE AIRBORNE WEATHER OBSERVATION VOICE OPERATIONS, MAINTENANCE MESSAGING AIRCRAFT NEGOTIATION AIRCRAFT ADS-B POSITION/ INTENT AUTOMET FIS TIS APAXS • WEATHER • NAS • STATUS • TV, RADIO • INTERNET AOC COMM CPC ADS-B Commercial Service Provider CPDLC OTHER AUTHORIZED USERS • INTERNATIONAL • MILITARY • FBO’S DSSDL NWIS AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL AIRLINES OPERATIONS CENTER

24. Benefits Driven Concept Dynamic Data Aircraft Technical Concepts Range of User Equipage Tactical Control 2-way • CPC • CPDLC Human- based Strategic CDM • CPC • CPDLC • AOCDL DSS- based Automated Negotiation • DSSDL • TIS • ADS-B • FIS • AUTOMET Broadcast Info Base Static Data • FIS AOCDL Air Traffic Control Aeronautical Operational Control

25. Functional Analysis • 9 Technical Concepts • Defined Message categories and message types for each Technical Concept • Concept Description • Concept Diagram

26. Architecture Alternatives Summary

27. Operational Concept - Tech Concept

28. Message Categories

29. Concept Description - Flight Information Service • Aircraft continually receive dynamic Flight Information to enable common situational awareness • Weather Information • NAS Status • NAS Traffic Flow Status • Note: We assume that static data will be loaded on aircraft via portable storage media prior to flight.

30. FIS Message Set

31. Ground Systems Air / Ground Comm Aircraft A C N E T W O R K VDL Comm Network Comm Net- work Comm Network UAT Comm Network Flight Information Service - FIS Wx Sensor(s) NAS / SUA STATUS AAIS ATIS CSP FIS PROC Comm I/F VDL RCVR MFDS OASIS • NOTAM SAT COM RCVR NWIS INTEGRATED NETWORK WARP SATCOM UAT XCVR Portable Storage Media UAT ADAS NEXRAD NWS Wx Vendor(s) Ground-Based Pilot PC

32. Traffic Information Services TIS CSP Comm Network L A N UAT XCVR VDL-B Comm Network UAT Comm Network Ground Systems Air / Ground Comm Aircraft ADS-B Processor ADS-B XCVR ADS-B GND RCVR A C N E T W O R K VDL-B VDL-B XCVR Primary Secondary AAIS SATCOM RCVR • MFDS • CDTI SATCOM Comm I/F Automation ATC Facility UAT

33. Controller / Pilot Data Link Communications CPDLC Ground Systems Air / Ground Comm Aircraft A C N E T W O R K VDL Comm Network L A N L A N L A N L A N ARTCC Automation Comm I/F AAIS MFDS VDL-3 XCVR TRACON Automation Comm I/F TOWER Automation Comm I/F FSS Automation Comm I/F

34. CPC Controller/Pilot Voice Communication Ground Systems Air / Ground Comm Aircraft VHF Voice Radio Pilot Voice Voice Switch Comm Head FTI Comm Network ATC Voice Existing A/G Radio VDL Radio Voice Data NEXCOM RADIO

35. Decision Support System Data Link DSSDL Ground Systems Air / Ground Comm Aircraft FTI Comm Network L A N L A N L A N ARTCC Automation Comm I/F AAIS A C N E T W O R K VDL-3 XCVR TRACON Automation Comm I/F FMS TOWER Automation Comm I/F

36. Aeronautical Operational Control Data Link AOCDL Ground Systems Air / Ground Comm Aircraft L A N A C N E T W O R K AOC Comm Automation I/F AAIS CSP VDL-2 Comm Network MFDS VDL-2 XCVR FMS

37. AOCDL Message Set

38. Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast ADS-B Comm Network L A N Ground Systems Air / Ground Comm Aircraft AAIS GPS GPS RCVR MFDS A C N E T W O R K Primary Secondary ADS-B GND RCVR FMS ADS-B XCVR ADS-B Comm I/F Automation ATC Facility

39. Ground Systems Air / Ground Comm Aircraft A C N E T W O R K VDL Comm Network UAT Comm Network Comm Net- work Automated Meteorological Transmission - AUTOMET Wx Sensor(s) NASA UAT XCVR AOC CSP FMS PROC Comm I/F VDL XCVR NWS FSL SAT COM XCVR SATCOM

40. Data Link Summary

41. Top Down Architecture - FTI Network NEXCOM Site VDL-3 Primary 2-way CPC / CPDLC / DSSDL CSP Interface CSP Network VDL-2 Secondary 2-way AOC / AUTOMET FTI Network CSP Network SATCOM FIS / TIS / APAXS FTI Network Data Transmit ADS-B ADS-B Site UAT VDL-4 Mode-S Aircraft Ground Link

42. 2007 Architecture - UAT Data Navigation / Surveillance Functions Augmentation Network WAAS / LAAS Navigation Rcvr WAAS / LAAS / VOR VOR Site VOR FTI Network Radar Site Mode-A/C/S Surveillance Xpndr Separation / TCAS Ground Link Aircraft FTI Network NEXCOM Site VHF-AM CPC - Voice VDL-2 Secondary 2-way CPDLC / DSSDL AOC / AUTOMET CSP Interface CSP Network VDL-B FTI Network CSP Network FIS - Regional UAT FIS / TIS FTI Network ADS-B Site Data Transmit ADS-B CSP Network SATCOM APAXS

43. Communication Architecture Schedule - FIS SATCOM 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 Integrated Demo Research SATCOM Ant / Rcvr Standards FIS-B SATCOM FIS-B Avionics UAT Systems FIS-B SATCOM FIS-B SATCOM FIS-B Certification FIS Data Compression Research Link Simulation Standards Air-Ground Comm Systems (data links) VDL-B UAT V- SATCOM Research NAS Wide Info System NWIS Data Standards Ground-Comm AOC / CDM Network Systems WARP Wx Network FTI NWIS System Operational time span

44. Communication Architecture Schedule - TIS TIS-B SATCOM TIS-B SATCOM TIS-B SATCOM 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 Integrated Demo Research SATCOM Ant / Rcvr Standards Avionics UAT Systems VDL-B SATCOM Certification TIS Data Compression Research Link Simulation Standards Systems (data links) Air-Ground Comm UAT VDL-B SATCOM V- SATCOM Research NAS Wide Info System NWIS Data Standards Ground-Comm AOC / CDM Network Systems FTI NWIS System Operational time span

45. Communication Architecture Schedule - CPDLC Voice Synthesis Voice Synthesis CPDLC CPDLC CPDLC VDL-2 CPDLC VDL-3 Additional MSG for Hz Wx NWIS Data 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 Research Demo Standards Avionics Systems VDL-2 MMR VDL-3 MMR Certification Research Prioritization of HzWx on VDL-2 Standards Systems (data links) Air-Ground Comm VDL-2 VDL-3 Research NAS Wide Info System Standards Ground-Comm DLAP Systems DLAP -R FTI NWIS System Operational time span

46. Communication Architecture Schedule - AOCDL 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 Research Integrated Demo AUTOMET AUTOMET Standards DSSDL CPDLC Avionics VDL-2 MMR Systems DSSDL CPDLC VDL-2 MMR VDL-2 MMR AOCDL VDL-2 CPDLC VDL-2 DSSDL VDL-2 AOCDL Certification Integrated Demo DSSDL Research Standards Air-Ground Comm Systems (data links) VDL-2 VDL-2 Mod 1 Research Integrated Demo DSSDL DSSDL Standards Ground-Comm DLAP - M1 Systems DLAP FTI NWIS System Operational time span

47. Communication Architecture Schedule - ADS-B SF-21, CAPSTONE ADS-B ADS-B Mode-S / UAT ADS-B Link Evaluation 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 Research Standards Avionics Systems Mode-S / UAT / VDL-4 Certification Research Standards Systems (data links) Technology Link Decision Air-Ground Comm Mode-S UAT VDL-4 Research NAS Wide Info System NWIS Data Standards Ground-Comm Systems FTI NWIS System Operational time span

48. Communication Architecture Schedule - Cross-cutting Multifunction Display Symbology Information Security NWIS Data 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 Research NAS Wide Info System Cross-cutting Standards Systems (data links) Mode-S VHF-AM UAT VDL-B Air-Ground Comm VDL-2 C, Ku, S SATCOM VDL-3 SATCOM V- SATCOM Systems FTI AOC / CDM Network Ground-Comm WARP Wx Network NWIS System Operational time span

49. Cross Cutting Technology Gaps

50. Navigation