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Chapter 1: Introduction to Physics

Form 4. Chapter 1: Introduction to Physics. Physics. Next >. The study of matter. 1. < Back. Next >. Physics: Chapter 1.

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Chapter 1: Introduction to Physics

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  1. Form 4 Chapter 1: Introduction to Physics Physics Next > The study of matter 1

  2. < Back Next > Physics: Chapter 1 Objectives: (what you will learn)1) understand Physics2) base quantities & derived quantities3) scalar quantities & vector quantities4) measurements, using instruments5) processes in scientific investigations 2

  3. < Back Next > Physics Understanding Physics: 1. “Physics” derives from Latin, “physica” - the science of natural things; until 19th century, it was called “natural philosophy”. Through its subfield of astronomy, it may be the oldest academic discipline. 2. Physics is a branch of Science for study of natural phenomena, which involves force, matter & energy; based on experimental observations & quantitative measurements. 3

  4. < Back Next > Physical Quantities Base Quantities Quantities that cannot be defined in any other physical quantity. 4

  5. < Back Next > Physical Quantities Derived Quantities Quantities derived from base quantities (through mathematical combinations).Volume = Length x Breath x Height = m3Density = Mass ÷ Volume = kg m-3Velocity = Displacement ÷ Time = m s-1Acceleration = Velocity ÷ Time = m s-2Force = Mass x Acceleration = kg m s-2 5

  6. < Back Next > Physical Quantities Scalar Quantity Physical quantity which has magnitude only, such as distance and mass.(Compare them to base quantities.) Vector Quantity Physical quantity which has both magnitude and direction, such as force and pressure.(Compare them to derived quantities.) 6

  7. < Back Next > 1 Big quantities Small quantities Physical Quantities Prefixes Simplifies description of physical quantities that are either very big or very small without losing data. 7

  8. < Back Next > Physical Quantities Scientific Notation The standard form for numerical magnitude. Q x 10nwhere 1 ≤ Q < 10 and n is an integer Examples:0.000000696 m = 6.96 x 10-7 m911 000 000 kg = 9.11 x 108 kg 8

  9. < Back Next > Consistent, less accurate Not accurate, not consistent Accurate & consistent Accurate, less consistent Measurements Accuracy measures how close a hit is to the target. If it is too far from the target, it is not accurate. Consistency measures how close together a group of hits is to the average value. If they are far apart from each other, they are not consistent. We want results that are both accurate & consistent. 9

  10. Ruler Low, 1 mm < Back Vernier caliper Medium, 0.1 mm Next > Micrometer screw gauge High, 0.01 mm Measuring Instruments Sensitivity = how small a change in reading that can be measured by an instrument 10

  11. < Back Next > Measurement Errors Systematic ErrorOccurs in one direction only. Always negative too low too high Always positive or May arise from various causes. • Incorrect calibration of instruments • Zero error – pointer of instrument does not return to zero when not in use, such as a ruler worn out at one end • Repeated error in reaction time 11 • Wrong assumption

  12. May arise from various causes. < Back • Parallax error – due to incorrect positioning of the eye when taking measurement Next > • Changes in the surroundings; i.e. temperature, air circulation, lighting, magnetic field, etc. Can be reduced in several ways. • Repeated measurements – taking mean value • Using mirror beneath pointer of instrument Measurement Errors Random ErrorSize of error not constant & unpredictable.The reading is sometimes positive & sometimes negative from actual value. 12

  13. Start Observation Making use of all human senses Inference Initial explanation or conclusion < Back Next > Hypothesis Making smart guesses Experiment Testing in controlled situation Conclusion Documentation of results in report End Scientific Investigation The processes involved 13

  14. Aim Suggest suitable questions Variables Manipulated, responding, & fixed Apparatus < Back Next > List apparatus/materials, arrangement Procedures Carry out experiment in proper order Tabulation Documenting data obtained Analysis Analyze data through graphs, etc. Scientific Experiment Steps involved in carrying out Experiment 14

  15. Summary What you have learned: • Understanding Physics < Back • Physical Quantities 3. Measurements & Instruments 4. Scientific Investigations & Experiments 15 Thank You

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