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Chapter 1 The Theory behind a Source-Based Approach

Chapter 1 The Theory behind a Source-Based Approach. Word families, matrices, connections, webs, gestalts, Venn Diagrams and semantic space Generative Semantics Conceptual Metaphors vs. Source-Based metaphors From the known to the unknown From the literal to the metaphorical

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Chapter 1 The Theory behind a Source-Based Approach

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  1. Chapter 1The Theory behind a Source-Based Approach • Word families, matrices, connections, webs, gestalts, Venn Diagrams and semantic space • Generative Semantics • Conceptual Metaphors vs. Source-Based metaphors • From the known to the unknown • From the literal to the metaphorical • Prediction and intelligent guessing (1) 25

  2. Vocabulary Plus: A Source-Based Approachwww.ablongman.com/nilsen By Don L. F. Nilsen And Alleen Pace Nilsen 25

  3. Basic Assumptions • English is constantly changing because of inventions, discoveries, social changes, paradigm shifts, etc. • English is enriched by words from other languages. • Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives and Adverbs have dozens of meanings. • Words move from literal to “metaphorical” meanings. • Words follow regular patterns as they acquire new meanings. (Nilsen & Nilsen 2) 25

  4. Basic Distinctions • Bound vs. free morphemes • Ambiguity vs. paraphrase vs. Anomaly • Lexical vs. grammatical categories • Eponymy (e.g. the Earl of Sandwich) • Epiphany (e.g. Hellen Keller) • Metonymy (e.g. 9/11/2001 and 911) • Borrowing (French, Spanish, German, Latin/Greek, Arabic, American Indian Lgs. (Nilsen & Nilsen 2-5) 25

  5. Etymologies and Folk Etymologies 25

  6. Eponyms • Adam’s Apple • Cesarean section • Maudlin • John Phillips Sousa was a musician in the military. • Godfrey Derrick was a public executioner. • Etienne de Silhouette was Louis XIV’s Controller General (Nilsen & Nilsen 7) 25

  7. Place Metaphors 25

  8. Metonymy | Synecdoche 25

  9. Compounds 25

  10. Clipping | Blending 25

  11. Acronyming 25

  12. Part-Of-Speech Change • She likes to wear dresses. • She dresses up at night. • It is a dress shirt. • It is just window dressing • I like turkey dressing with turkey. • The boss gave him a dressing down. • Put your clothes in this dresser. (Nilsen & Nilsen 9) 25

  13. Generalization | Specialization 25

  14. Amelioration | Pejoration 25

  15. Vocabulary Tests • Particular words (not groups of words) • Particular meanings of words • Machine scored • Only one correct answer • Only a few seconds per answer • Focus on obscure words so that testers can discriminate • Questions are clear-cut & easy to answer • Order is random or alphabetical, not word families • Students work individually • Students work silently • The premium is to get a wide range of scores (Nilsen & Nilsen 11-12) 25

  16. Vocabulary Teaching Should: • show how words relate to each other • show how single words have many meanings • involve much dialogue • stress intelligent guessing • allow time for pondering & meditation • focus on useful and frequent words • allow answers to be messy and tangential • show how words are connected and how they change • show the social aspects of language use • encourage lively discussion • Show how every answer is correct, although it often must be fine-tuned. (Nilsen & Nilsen 11-12) 25

  17. Walking Words: an exampleShow how the following words are related: • Amble (what a horse does) • Ambulance (originally stretchers) • Ambulance chasers • Ambulatory patient • Perambulator (British “pram”) • Preamble to the Constitution • Somnambulent (Nilsen & Nilsen 14) 25

  18. Intelligent Guessing:Are words etymologically related? • Phonological Similarity • But we have to contrast puns & metaphors • Spelling Similarity • Because spelling systems are conservative, spelling shows word histories as in “knight.” • Meaning Similarity • Note: Antonyms are similar • Pragmatic Similarity • Rules of assimilation • Histories & contact-situations (15) 25

  19. “Assaulted Peanut”A Pun 25

  20. “Raining Cats and Dogs”A René-Magritte Metaphor 25

  21. Forks A Germanic Example (Nilsen & Nilsen 19 25

  22. Sticks Another Germanic Example (Nilsen & Nilsen 19) 25

  23. “Peds” (Feet) A Latin Example Nilsen & Nilsen 19) 25

  24. !Contrast the Puns and Metaphors: • Needlecraft ad: It’s a crewel, crewel world • Lampstore: Just a shade better • Restaurant: Paul Perry’s Stake-Out • Drapery Store: After 35 years, we’ve got the hang of it. • Spark Plug Ad: We’re plugging for better mileage. • The weather bureau is a non-prophet organization. • Alimony is a splitting headache. (Nilsen & Nilsen 20) 25

  25. !!Body Metaphors(Germanic) 25

  26. !!!Corpus MetaphorsLatin and Romance Languages 25

  27. Reference Nilsen, Alleen Pace, and Don L. F. Nilsen. Vocabulary Plus: High School and Up: A Source-Based Approach. Boston, MA: Pearson/Allyn & Bacon, 2004. www.ablongman.com/nilsen 25

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