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Principal Type Schemes for Modular Programs. Derek Dreyer and Matthias Blume Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago ESOP 2007 Braga, Portugal. Principal Type Schemes for Functional Programs. Damas and Milner’s classic POPL’82 paper about implicit ML-style “let-polymorphism”
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Principal Type Schemesfor Modular Programs Derek Dreyer and Matthias Blume Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago ESOP 2007 Braga, Portugal
Principal Type Schemes for Functional Programs • Damas and Milner’s classic POPL’82 paper about implicit ML-style “let-polymorphism” • Declarative semantics: ` e : • Clean, but non-deterministic: e may have many types • Algorithm W: ` e ) ( ; ) • Computes the principal, “most general” type of e
Principal Type Schemes forModular Programs? • Definition of Standard ML joins Damas-Milner’s declarative rules with the rules of the ML module system • Implementations of SML employ various generalizations of Algorithm W to work in the presence of modules • Is Damas-Milner being generalized properly? • Does SML have principal types?
Contributions of This Work • A set of example programs on which no SML typechecker accurately matches the Definition • Illustrate why the Definition is difficult to implement • A novel declarative system for ML-style polymorphism in the presence of modules that is easy to implement • Principal types theorem proved • Backward-compatible with SML • Elegant application of previous ideas/techniques
Example (a) • Value restriction: f’s type cannot be polymorphically generalized because id id is not a syntactic value.
MacQueen’s Gambit • SML/NJ’s policy (according to Dave MacQueen): • Core and module languages should not mix • Reject module-level bindings where r.h.s. is not a valueand is not uniquely typed, e.g. val f = id id.
MacQueen’s Gambit • SML/NJ’s policy (according to Dave MacQueen): • Core and module languages should not mix • Reject module-level bindings where r.h.s. is not a valueand is not uniquely typed, e.g. val f = id id. • Disadvantages: • Rejects perfectly good, noncontrived examples, too.E.g. val L = ref nil. • May not scale to languages where module and core are intertwined (e.g. 1st-class modules, modular type classes)
Our Solution • Need a way of generalizing at the functor binding
Our Solution • Idea: Generalized Functor Signatures (GFS) • Allow functors to take implicit type arguments in addition to their explicit module arguments
Our Solution • Idea: Generalized Functor Signatures (GFS) • Allow functors to take implicit type arguments in addition to their explicit module arguments
Our Solution • Idea: Generalized Functor Signatures (GFS) • Allow functors to take implicit type arguments in addition to their explicit module arguments • Implicit functors were also useful for modular type classes
#1 Problem Solved!
Example (b) Rejected! Not in scope!
Our Solution • Idea: • Expand the definition of “in scope” • Allow inferred types to mention abstract types that are not defined until later in the program
Example (b) Accepted! No problem!
Our Solution • Idea: • Expand the definition of “in scope” • Allow inferred types to mention abstract types that are not defined until later in the program • How does that work and is it sound?
Our Solution • Idea: • Expand the definition of “in scope” • Allow inferred types to mention abstract types that are not defined until later in the program • How does that work and is it sound? • Using Dreyer’s RTG type system (ICFP 05), which was designed as a foundation for recursive modules • Soundness proved via progress/preservation
Isn’t It Complicated? • No • Typing judgment for terms essentially same as Definition’s:
Isn’t It Complicated? • No • Traditional Definition-style typing judgment (a la Russo):
Isn’t It Complicated? • No • Our new declarative typing judgment:
Isn’t It Complicated? • No • Our new declarative typing judgment: • Moreover, type inference becomes much simpler
Example (c) is Not Well-TypedAccording to the Definition Not in scope!
Distinguishing (b) and (c) • Involves tracking dependencies between abstract types and unification variables • Only 1.5 out of 9 SML implementations get it right • Russo’s thesis (2000) gives an inference algorithm based on Miller’s technique of unification under a mixed prefix • But does not prove that it works • Algorithm doesn’t accept Example (a)
In Our System,Example (c) is Well-Typed No problem!
What Else Is In the Paper • Full formalization of declarative semantics and inference algorithm • Hybrid of Definition and Harper-Stone semantics • Type soundness proven by reduction to RTG(reduction in tech report) • Principal types theorem stated (proof in tech report)
“Benchmarks” • Reject All: SML/NJ, ML-Kit, TILT, SML.NET, Hamlet • Mixed Bag: Poly/ML, Alice, Moscow ML (interactive mode) • MLton: Success relies on whole-program compilation, defunctorization coupled with typechecking
“Benchmarks” • Reject All: SML/NJ, ML-Kit, TILT, SML.NET, Hamlet • Mixed Bag: Poly/ML, Alice, Moscow ML (interactive mode) • MLton: Success relies on whole-program compilation, defunctorization coupled with typechecking