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Assessment of a Gas Quality Survey for Interchangeability. David Rue, William Liss Gas Technology Institute Algonquin Gas Pipeline Northeast Stakeholders Group June 15, 2006. Average Natural Gas Composition -- Twenty Six US Cities. Source: Gas Technology Institute.
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Assessment of a Gas Quality Survey for Interchangeability David Rue, William Liss Gas Technology Institute Algonquin Gas Pipeline Northeast Stakeholders Group June 15, 2006
Average Natural Gas Composition -- Twenty Six US Cities Source: Gas Technology Institute Regional Natural Gas Composition Variations Exist
Natural Gas and LNG Adjust gases are typical U.S. natural gases at city gates (GRI, 1992)
Approaches to Interchangeability Prediction – Focus on Appliances • Single index (Wobbe, modified Wobbe, etc.) • Incapable of describing all possible situations • Multiple indices (AGA, Weaver, etc.) • Specific to burner type • Do not account for all fuel gases or emissions • Most common U.S. approach • Diagrams • Do not account for all fuel gases or emissions • Attempt to combine Wobbe index with composition parameters • Many variations and not universally accepted • Often used in Europe
Wobbe Number • Generally accepted as the best SINGLE index to determine interchangeability • For natural gas – alkanes – heat input through an orifice (Btu/h) at constant pressure is • proportional to heating value and • inversely proportional to the square root of specific gravity • Wobbe Number does not fully address interchangeability because changes in flame characteristics are not addressed W = HHV / (sp. gr.)0.5
Interchangeability is Defined As - The ability to substitute one gaseous fuel for another in a combustion application without materially changing operational safety or performance and without materially increasing air pollutant emissions Source – NGC+ Working Group on Interchangeability White Paper presented to FERC, Feb. 2005
Interchangeability For AppliancesThe American Experience • AGA and USBM indices set limits for appliance fuel interchangeability • ANSI codes are not specific for interchangeability • Interchangeability studies have been made by GTI, IGT, A.D. Little, SoCalGas, and others • No appliance failed AGA Index or ANSI limits with LNGs • CO is most sensitive measure of performance • Some appliances have high CO with ‘hot’ LNGs • Indices developed for older appliances do not always predict behavior of new, high-efficiency appliances
Effects of Fuel Changes: Appliances and Industrial Burners • Different appliance burners show changes in performance • No burner exhibited a failure case of flame lifting, excessive yellow tipping, or high CO emissions • Important performance characteristics are different for industrial burners than for residential appliances • Industrial burners are monitored more closely but operated at more demanding conditions Source: Gas Technology Institute
Effects of Fuel Changes:Appliances and Industrial Burners • Industrial burners can be categorized • Some burner types, like appliances, are relatively unaffected by changing fuel • Burners sensitive to changing fuel include: • Burners for which flame temperature changes strongly impact the process • Burners in high temperature processes or where emissions are tightly regulated • Burners operating close to stability limits • Only sensitive burner types need to be evaluated for gas interchangeability
Industrial Burners – Interchangeability Concerns • Unlike appliances, industrial burners are complex, highly engineered, and operate under precisely controlled conditions • Changing fuel can affect industrial burners • Performance • Flame length, temperature, flame shape, mixing patterns, etc. • Safety • Stability, operating range, air/fuel ratio, etc. • Meeting regulations • Emissions of NOx, CO, etc. • Wobbe is still best index of interchangeability
Work Scope • Receipt of – • Survey of northeast industrial gas customers by SIC (or NAICS) code, engines, turbines • Current natural gas and expected LNG ranges • Identification of industrial burners used by specific industrial customers – largest combustion uses • Itemizing of engines and turbines by manufacturer, model, type, and quantity • Ranking of burners, engines, and turbines into categories – considering gas composition ranges • Explanations provided of interchangeability reasons for placement of combustion systems into categories
Ranking Criteria • Burners and processes not expected to have any operational, performance, or emissions concerns over the full range of specified fuel gas compositions • Burners and processes that may have some concerns over the specified fuel gas range and may eventually need to be looked at more closely. These include • those considered to be of some concern, but likely will handle the charges in gas composition with no difficulties • those for which insufficient information is available and may need to be studied before making a judgment • Burners and processes with operations, performance, or emissions concerns over at least part of the range of gas compositions. Further study would be advised for these systems before introducing a new fuel gas such as LNG.
Deliverable – Final Report • Summary overview of industrial burners, engines, and turbines identified in survey • Number and type listed where possible • Burner types summarized by SIC codes • Analysis of burners, engines, and turbines • General comments on impacts of proposed gas ranges on listed combustion systems • Ranked in three classes based on changing gas • Little or no impact expected • Some impact expected or too little information available to decide about impacts • Impacts expected and more detailed study of combustion systems recommended
Cost and Schedule • Cost • Project cost - $69,000 • Includes initial and final trips to meet with sponsors • Schedule • Work planned from June 15, 2006 through August 15, 2006 • GTI will start work immediately with partial survey results • Work completion is dependent on completed Northeast Stakeholders Group surveys • Work can be slowed if all survey results are not available
Classification Criteria • Mixing Type • Fuel Type • Oxidizer Type • Draft Type • Heating Type • Burner Geometry
Diffusion Mixed Non-Staged Air Staged Fuel Staged Partial Pre-mixed Non-Staged Air Staged Pre-Mixed Non-Staged Classification Criteria • Mixing Type • Fuel Type • Oxidizer Type • Draft Type • Heating Type • Burner Geometry GTI Proprietary & Confidential
Classification Criteria • Mixing Type • Fuel Type • Oxidizer Type • Draft Type • Heating Type • Burner Geometry • Gas • Liquid • Solid • Dual
Classification Criteria • Mixing Type • Fuel Type • Oxidizer Type • Draft Type • Heating Type • Burner Geometry • Air • Oxygen • Oxygen Enriched Air • Preheated Air
Classification Criteria • Mixing Type • Fuel Type • Oxidizer Type • Draft Type • Heating Type • Burner Geometry • Forced Draft • Natural Draft • Inspirated • Aspirated
Classification Criteria • Mixing Type • Fuel Type • Oxidizer Type • Draft Type • Heating Type • Burner Geometry • Direct • Indirect
Classification Criteria • Mixing Type • Fuel Type • Oxidizer Type • Draft Type • Heating Type • Burner Geometry • Round Nozzle • Rectangular Nozzle • Swirl
Burner Types • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners
Burner Types • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Radiant Wall • Thermal Radiation • Radiant Tube
Burner Types • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Radiant Wall • Natural Draft • Forced Draft • Pre-mixed • Non-Premixed • Thermal Radiation • Radiant Tube
Burner Types • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Radiant Wall • Thermal Radiation • Porous Ceramic • Ported Ceramic • Fiber Metal • Flame Impingement • Catalytic • Perforated Ceramic • Porous Refractory • Wire Mesh • Radiant Tube
Burner Types • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Radiant Wall • Thermal Radiation • Radiant Tube • Non-Circulating • Recirculating • Forced Draft • Inspirating
Burner Types • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Pre-mixed • Diffusion Mixed • Partially Pre-mixed • Air Staged
Burner Types • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • One Box • Two Box • Rotary / Heat Wheel • Radiant Tube
Burner Types • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Round Flame • Wall Fired Flat Flame • Radiant Wall • Flat Flame
Burner Types • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Low NOx • Ultra Low NOx • Conventional
Burner Types • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Low NOx • External Flue Gas Recirculation (EFGR) • Air Staged • Fuel Staged • Fuel Induced Recirculation • Ultra Low NOx • Conventional
Burner Types • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Low NOx • Ultra Low NOx • Pre-mixed • Partially Premixed • Rapid Mix • Internal Flue Gas Recirculation • Conventional
Burner Types • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Low NOx • Ultra Low NOx • Conventional • Swirl • Register
Burner Types • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Duct • Linear Grid • Grid • Make-up Air
Burner Types • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Air-Oxy Fuel • Concentric Pipe • Multiple Nozzle • Flat Flame • Staged • Oxy-Fuel • Polishing • Forehearth
Burner Types • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Single Point • Non Assisted • Simple Steam Assisted • Advanced Steam Assisted • Low Pressure Air Assisted • Multi-point • Enclosed
Burner Types • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Single Point • Multi-point • Non Assisted • Simple Steam Assisted • Advanced Steam Assisted • Low Pressure Air Assisted • Enclosed
Burner Types • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Single Point • Multi-point • Enclosed • Non Assisted • Simple Steam Assisted • Advanced Steam Assisted • Low Pressure Air Assisted
Burner Applications • Thermal Radiation • Drying • Plastic thermoforming • Paint curing • Radiant Tube • Indirect heating • Radiant Wall • Process Industry • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners
Burner Applications • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Metals Industry • Ceramic/Glass Industry
Burner Applications • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Zinc Distillation • Metals Industry • Glass Industry
Burner Applications • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Chemical and Hydrocarbon Process Industries
Burner Applications • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Steam Generation • Water Heating • Space Heating
Burner Applications • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Space Heating • Turbine Exhaust • Uniform Spread Heating
Burner Applications • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Metal Heating • Metal Melting • Glass Melting • Mineral Calcining
Burner Applications • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Petrochemical Industries