Fall 2011 Writing 20:Ocean Acidification September 5, 2011 Lecture 2

1. Fall 2011 Writing 20:Ocean Acidification September 5, 2011 Lecture 2 “Physiological and Ecosystem Effects of Ocean Acidification: Potential Direct and Indirect Effects Some of this lecture obtained from http://aslo.org/lectures/11_005/11_005_rfeely_sdoney.html

2. Outline • Physiological processes • Different types • Acclimation and adaptation • Ecosystem-level effects • Ecosystem concepts • Different types • Biodiversity & regime shifts • Types of studies, experiments

3. Physiological Processes • Calcification • Photosynthesis • Hypercapnia (too much CO2 in blood) • Nutrient uptake and limitation • Reduced gene expression • Sensory perception

8. Physiological Processes • Calcification • Photosynthesis • Hypercapnia (too much CO2 in blood) • Nutrient uptake and limitation • Reduced gene expression • Sensory perception

9. Photosynthesis • Two different species of algae • OA could lead to shifts in algal species composition

10. Physiological Processes • Calcification • Photosynthesis • Hypercapnia (too much CO2 in blood) • Nutrient uptake and limitation • Reduced gene expression • Sensory perception

11. Sensory perception

12. Outline • Physiological processes • Different types • Acclimation and adaptation • Ecosystem-level effects • Ecosystem concepts • Different types • Biodiversity & regime shifts • Types of studies, experiments

13. Acclimation means the ability of an organism to change its phenotype, or expressed trait so that it can survive in an environment as it changes. • Adaptation means the ability of a population of organisms to change its genotype, or its genes in the DNA, over successive generations (evolution). • generation times are important • genetic diversity is important

14. Example of possible acclimation Byrne et al. 2011, Mar. Biol.

15. Outline • Physiological processes • Different types • Acclimation and adaptation • Ecosystem-level effects • Ecosystem concepts • Different types • Biodiversity & regime shifts • Types of studies, experiments

16. Ecosystem • Definition: A spatial explicit unit of Earth where living things and the environment interact • Perturbations (like ocean acidification) can have various direct and indirect effects: • Shifts in species composition and trophic cascade (food web) effects • Temporal and spatial shifts in ecosystem functions • All of these can change the structure, energy flow, and other functions of the ecosystem => regime shift

17. Different Types of Ecosystems Likely to be Affected by OA • Tropical coral reefs • Pelagic ecosystems (pelagic = open water) • Coastal/ benthic (benthic = bottom substrate) • Deep sea • High latitude

22. Regime shifts Kroeker et al. 2011 PNAS

24. Outline • Physiological processes • Different types • Acclimation and adaptation • Ecosystem-level effects • Ecosystem concepts • Different types • Biodiversity & regime shifts • Types of studies, experiments

27. http://www.whoi.edu/OCB-OA/FAQs/ http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Ocean+Acidification http://oceanacidification.wordpress.com/ http://tos.org/oceanography/issues/issue_archive/22_4.html http://www.us-ocb.org/publications/OCB_OA_rept.pdf http://www.whoi.edu/sites/OceanAcidificationMeeting