Stocks

1. Stocks Chapter 9 Section 9.2 – Evaluation of a Stock Issue

2. Types of Stock Investments • Stocks are classified into the following categories: • Blue-Chip Stock • Income Stock • Growth Stock • Cyclical Stock • Defensive Stock • Large Cap Stock and Small Cap Stock • Penny Stocks

3. Types of Stock Investments • Blue Chip Stocks – considered a safe investment that generally attracts conservative investors • Issued by the strongest and most respected companies • AT&T, General Electric, and Kellogg • Look for leadership in an industry, a history of stable earnings, and consistency in the payment of dividends

4. Types of Stock Investments • Income stock – pays higher than average dividends compared to other stock issues • People who buy preferred stock are also attracted to this type of stock • Examples: Bristol-Myers Squibb and Dow Chemical and gas and electric companies

5. Types of Stock Investments • Growth stock – issued by a corporation whose potential earnings may be higher than the average earnings predicted for all the firms in the country • Generally don’t pay dividends • Look for signs that the company is engaged in activities that produce higher earnings and revenues: • Building new facilities; introducing new, high quality products; or conducting recognized research and development • In the early 2000s included Home Depot and Southwest Airlines

6. Types of Stock Investments • Cyclical stock – has a market value that tends to reflect the state of the economy • When the economy is improving the market value of cyclical stock usually goes up and if the economy is declining then it tends to go down • Why? Because the companies are linked directly with activities of a strong economy. • Investors buy when right before the economy improves and sell right before the economy starts to decline • Ford and Centex are considered cyclical stocks

7. Types of Stock Investments • Defensive stock – a stock that remains stable during declines in the economy • Companies that issue defensive stocks have steady earnings and can continue to pay dividends • Many blue chip stocks and income stocks may also be considered defensive stocks • Proctor & Gamble and Kellogg

8. Types of Stock Investments • Large cap and small cap stocks – • Large cap stock – the stock of a corporation that has issued a large number of shares of stock and has a large amount of capitalization (the total amount of stocks and bonds issued by a corporation) • Stocks listed in the Dow Jones averages are typically large cap stocks • These stocks appeal to conservative investors because they are considered secure

9. Types of Stock Investments • Large cap and small cap stocks – • Small cap stocks – issued by a company with a capitalization of $150 million or less • Considered higher investment risk because smaller, less established companies issue this type of stock

10. Types of Stock Investments • Penny stock – typically sells for less than $1 a share, although it can sell for as much as $10 a share • Issued by new companies or companies whose sales are very unsteady • Prices of penny stocks can go up and down wildly • Hard to keep up with performance because the information is hard to find • Very risky and should be purchased only by investors who understand all the risks

11. Sources for Evaluating Stocks Financial section of newspapers Internet Stock Advisory Services Corporate News Publications

12. Factors that Influence the Price of Stock • When you are deciding whether to buy or sell stock you must first consider the overall condition of the stock market: • Bull market – a market condition that occurs when investors are optimistic about the economy and buy stocks • Bear market – a market condition that occurs when investors are pessimistic about the economy and sell stocks

13. Factors that Influence the Price of Stock • Numerical Measures for a Corporation • One of the most common calculations investors use to track the value of their investments is the current yield (the annual dividend divided by the investment’s current market value) • Generally, an increase in current yield is a healthy sign for any investment

14. Factors that Influence the Price of Stock • Numerical Measures for a Corporation continued • Also need to know whether your investment is increasing or decreasing in dollar value…Totalreturn is a calculation that includes the annual dividend as well as any increase or decrease in the original purchase price of the investment • Total Return = Current Return + Capital Gain • Current Return = Dividend x Number of Shares x Years held • Capital Gain = (Selling Price Per Share – Purchase Price Per Share) x Number of Shares held

15. Factors that Influence the Price of Stock • Numerical Measures for a Corporation continued • Earnings per share are a corporation’s net, or after tax earnings divided by the number of outstanding shares of common stock. This measures the amount of corporate profit that can be assigned to each share of common stock. • Gives a stockholder an idea of how profitable the company is…an increase in earnings per share is a good sign for any investment.

16. Factors that Influence the Price of Stock • Numerical Measures for a Corporation continued • Price-earnings (PE) ratio – the price of one share of stock divided by the corporation’s earnings per share of stock outstanding over the last 12 months • Used to compare corporate earnings to the market price of a corporation’s stock • Key factor that serious investors as well as beginners can use to decide to invest in stock • A low PE ratio indicates that a stock may be a good investment; the company has a lot of earnings compared to the price of the stock • A high PE ratio indicates that a stock may not be a good investment; the company has little earnings compared to the price of the stock • Although PE ratios vary by industry, they range between 5 and 35 for most corporations

17. Investment Theories Fundamental theory – assumes that a stock’s real value is determined by looking at the company’s future earnings Technical theory – based on the idea that a stock’s value is really determined by forces in the stock market itself Efficient market theory – stock price movements are purely random