Dictator # 1

1. Dictator # 1 Stalin

2. Russia Review • “Peace, Bread, Land” • Reds vs. Whites (Reds win—3 Reasons) • “War Communism” = = = Totalitarianism is born; HOW SO? • NEP • 1924 Constitution

3. New Economic Policy (1921) • Lenin Recognizes discontent; changes course • Caused by the Kronstadt Mutiny • NEP is “Capitalism lite” • Peasants could sell surplus grain on market after tax payable in grain was fulfilled • Peasants could rent additional plots of land • Foreign Capitalists enticed with incentives

4. 1924 Constitution • Creates the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) • European Russia, Siberia, Central Asia, Ukraine, Belorussia, Transcaucaisa • Republics were given limited autonomy • Political control was exercised by the Communist Party leaders in Moscow

5. Governance in USSR (Early) • 21 Member Central Committee • 5 Member Politburo (Lenin, Trotsky, Stalin were 3 of them) • Worker’s Councils (Soviets)

6. Lenin’s DEAD!!! • January 1924 Lenin Died------------Power Struggle Ensued

7. http://www.aha.ru/~mausoleu/m-hist_e.htm • Red Square Mausoleum—Glass panels so that the leader’s body could be viewed. • Lenin’s brain was taken to the V.I. Lenin Institute • Lenin’s heart was taken to V.I. Lenin Museum. The Crypt as 1st Communist example of Personality Cult.

8. Outline • Struggle for Leadership • “Socialism in one country” • Nature of the Soviet State

9. ~Translation Courtesy of Tina Lazar Soviet Union under Stalin The Great Stalin-The Banner of Friendship of the peoples of the USSR

10. Questions to Consider: • What were the bases of Stalin’s Power? How did he prevail in the Power Struggle? • How was Stalin able to bring Russia into a “Totalitarian” state? What were the objectives of his domestic policy? • What was the nature of the new Soviet state?

11. Stalin vs. Trotsky • Unknown to Masses • Networked (Details) • NOT Charismatic • Lack of Cosmopolitanism (No Foreign Language, etc) • Public figure (Hero of Rev.) • Creator of the Red Army • More Visible • Seen as Lenin’s Heir Apparent

12. The “Troika” • Stalin recognizes the divided leadership after 1922 stroke. • Forms a “Troika” to block Trotsky • Stalin-General Sec. of Party • Kamenev – Boss of Moscow Party • Zenoviev – Boss of Leningrad Party Kamenev Zinoviev Stalin

13. As General Secretary of Central Committee he appointed high positions • In 1923 Lenin writes to the Politburo-warning of Stalin

15. Stalin “Socialism in one Country” Mid-20’s started to discount World Revolution theory New Goal: A Solid Soviet State in Russia Duty of Communist Russia to defend against counter revolution Trotsky “Permanent Revolution” Must Revolutionize throughout Europe to keep Bolshevism alive in Russia

16. Maneuvering • Stalin disagrees with Kamenev & Zinoviev. • New Alliance with Bukharin • Bukharin – Editor of “Pravda” Bukharin ~Bolshevik Glamour Shots

17. Maneuvering again… • Forms Coalition with Molotov. • “The only man to shake hands with Lenin, Hitler, Himmler, Goring, Roosevelt and Churchill…” ~Stalin: Court of the Red Tsar pg. 39

18. First Purge of the Party-1927 • Purged “Left Opposition” • They were Associated with Trotsky • “Left Opposition” purged along with Trotsky. • Exiled to Siberia, then Expelled from Soviet Union all together.

19. Trotsky in Exile • Wrote Scathing things about the Stalin Regime • “Was Stalin following Leninist thought?” • “Was he truly Revolutionary?” • “Had Stalin Corrupted the Revolution?” • Possibilities of “Trotskyites” in S.U. Fed Stalin’s Paranoia Stalin had Trotsky executed in 1940.

20. II. “Socialism in One Country” • 5 Yr. Plans • Collectivization of Farms

21. 5 Year Plan, 1928 • 5 Year plan as backlash to NEP! • AIM: Catch up to West/Self Sufficiency • Rapid Industrialization • Unbelievable Quotas • Heavy Industry (Dams / Roads / Oil Fields / Locomotives) WHAT SUFFERS IN THIS TYPE OF SYSTEM? Method: Central Agency (Gosplan) • Control all Financial, Natural, and Labor Resources

22. Collective Farms “We Will increase the Harvest of the Kolkhoz” “Sing to the Harvest on the Collective fields” What is Socialist Realism?

23. Resistance to Collectives • Seen as “second civil war” 1929-1933 • Kulaks • Cattle –50% reduction • Sent to the Gulag or killed Famine of 1932-1933 –6 million starve to death Stalin admitted to Churchill at Yalta that he killed 10 million.

24. 5 year plans continue….. • By 1939 only USA and Germany are producing more. • Soviet economy transformed • Against the backdrop of the Great Depression—Soviet’s look successful

25. III. Nature of the Soviet State • Great Purges • 1933-34----1/3 of party members Purged (Gulag) • 1936------2nd wave of purges • 1938-----”Show Trials” watched by Western powers ***** Old Bolsheviks (Close to Lenin/Trotsky) Wiped out EX: Bukharin “confessing” • 1937-38----Military Purge (35,000 officers purged)

26. The Rise to Dictatorship • Stage 1: 1917-1918----Communist Party as Dictator over Country. • Stage 2: 1921---- 10th party Congress—Dictatorship of Party leaders over Party. • Stage 3: 1926–1929----Dictatorship of Stalin’s faction over the Communist party • Stage 4: 1934-1938----Personal Dictatorship of Stalin over his faction

27. Stalin Era Posters ~Translation Courtesy of Tina Lazar Dearly Loved Stalin-The Fortune of the People

28. Glory to the Great Stalin Work so that Comrade Stalin will say thank you ~Translation Courtesy of Tina Lazar

29. ~Translation Courtesy of Tina Lazar The Serbo-English Pact The People of the World do not want to repeat the disaster of war

30. ~Translation Courtesy of Tina Lazar Let live and strengthen the indestructible friendship and cooperation of the Soviet and Chinese people

32. ~Translation Courtesy of Tina Lazar Those were the years, different years, different “weather”

33. ~Translation Courtesy of Tina Lazar Raise high the banner of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin