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Vertebrate Evolution and Diversity

Discover the journey of vertebrate evolution, from invertebrates to modern humans. Explore the anatomical features of chordates, diverse vertebrate classes, and key evolutionary adaptations. Unravel the diversity of vertebrates through jawless, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

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Vertebrate Evolution and Diversity

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  1. Vertebrate Evolution and Diversity AP Biology Crosby High School

  2. Anatomical Features of Chordates • Notochord • Dorsal, hollow nerve cord • Pharyngeal slits • Muscular post-anal tail

  3. Invertebrate to Vertebrate • Subphylum Urochordata • Tunicates (sea squirts) • Chordates traits in larval stage • Subphylum Cephalochordata • Lancelets • Sand dwelling suspension feeders

  4. Vertebrates • Neural crest forms part of skeleton • Axial and Appendicular skeleton • Endoskeleton growth • Closed circulatory system w/ ventral chambered heart • Diversity • Gnathostomes • Tetrapods • Amniotes

  5. Jawless Vertebrates • Class Myxini (most primitive) • Hagfish • Cartilage • Notochord attaches muscles • Class Cephalaspidomorph • Lamprey • Feed on blood of fish • Notochord has cartilaginous pipe

  6. Fish • Class Chondrichthyes • Cartilaginous Fish • Water flow through swimming or muscular contractions • Large suspension feeders • Most are carnivorous • Good eyesight and nostril cups • Lateral line system • Fertilization

  7. Fish • Class Osteichtyes • Operculum • Swim Bladder • Ray-finned fish • Lobe-finned fish • Muscular pectoral and pelvic fins extend from skeleton • Coelocanths • Lungfish • Gills and lungs

  8. Class Amphibia • Orders • Urodela (Salamander) • Swagger when they walk • Anurans (frogs) • Apodans • Legless and nearly blind • Rely on moist skin for gas exchange • External Fertilization

  9. Amniotic Egg • Contains a shell that retains water • Birds: calcareous (CaCO3) • Reptiles: leathery and flexible • Mammals: Placental sac

  10. Reptiles • Waterproof keratin scales • Lungs • Cold-blooded (ectotherms) • Modern Reptiles • Testudines (turtles) • Squamata (lizards and snakes) • Crocodilia (crocodiles and alligators)

  11. Birds • Honeycombed bones • Loss of organs • No teeth • Highly developed visual and motor areas • Eggs brooded • Modern Birds • Ratites • Passeriformes

  12. Mammals • Mammary glands • Hair • Endothermic w/ active metabolism • Diaphragm ventilates lungs • Larger brains • Inner ear • Eutherians and Marsupials form placenta

  13. Monotremes (Egg-laying) Marsupials (pouch) Eutherian (Placental) Afrotheria Edentata Chiroptera Lagomorph Rodentia Primates Eutherians Core insectovores Artiodactyls Perissdactyl Cetaceans carnivora Types of Mammals

  14. Primates • Grasping hands and feet • Large brains and short jaws • Flat nails and fingerprints • Opposable thumbs • Modern primates • Prosimians (premonkeys, lemurs) • Anthropoids (monkeys, apes, humans)

  15. Humans Differ in Major Features • Brain size increased • Jaw shape decreased • Bipedal posture • Reduced size difference in sexes • Key changes in family structure

  16. Hominids • Australopithecines • Australopithicus africanus • Australopithicus afarensis • Homo • Homo habilis • Fashioned tools • Less prognathic jaw and larger brain • Homo erectus • Taller w/ larger brain • Gave rise to Neanderthals

  17. Inner Ear Development

  18. Wing Design

  19. Structure of the Egg

  20. Frog Life

  21. Coelocanth

  22. Fish Anatomy

  23. Chondricthyes

  24. Lamprey

  25. Hagfish

  26. Diversity

  27. Neural Crest

  28. Vertebrate Evolution

  29. Chordate Characteristics

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