KEY CONCEPT Behavior lets organisms respond rapidly and adaptively to their environment.

1. KEY CONCEPT Behavior lets organisms respond rapidly and adaptively to their environment.

2. Behaviors may occur daily, monthly, seasonally, or annually. • During hibernation, an animal enters a seasonal dormant state.

3. Behaviors may occur daily, monthly, seasonally, or annually. • During hibernation, an animal enters a seasonal dormant state. • During migration, animals move seasonally from one portion of their range to another.

4. What external stimulus would cause a dormouse to enter hibernation?

5. KEY CONCEPT Every behavior has costs and benefits.

6. Even beneficial behaviors have associated costs. • The benefits of a behavior are increased survivorship and reproduction rates. • both increase an individual’s fitness • both have costs

7. Behavioral costs can be divided into three categories. • energy costs • opportunity costs • risk costs

8. Animals perform behaviors whose benefits outweigh their costs. • Behaviors evolve only if they improve fitness. • Territoriality refers to the control of a specific area. • benefits: control resources • costs: energy and time

9. Optimal foraging states that natural selection favors behaviors that get animals the most calories for the cost. • benefits: amount of energy gained • costs: energy used to search for, catch, and eat food; risk of capture; time

10. Name an example of optimal foraging? • What behaviors are favored by natural selection? • What is the opportunity cost of a spider's web-spinning behavior? • What is a benefit of territorial behavior? • What are the costs of foraging behavior?

11. KEY CONCEPT Social behaviors enhance the benefits of living in a group.

12. Living in groups also has benefits and costs. • Social behaviors evolve when the benefits of group living outweigh its costs. • benefits: improved foraging, reproductive assistance, reduced chance of predation • costs: increased visibility, competition, disease contraction • Group living requires learning social structure and membership.

13. Social behaviors are interactions between members of the same or different species. • Animals use communication to keep in contact. • visual • sound • touch • chemical

14. Courtship displays are used to evaluate the fitness of a potential mate. • Defensive behaviors are used to protect the individual and/or the group.

15. Some behaviors benefit other group members at a cost to the individual performing them. • There are many types of helpful social behavior. • cooperation • reciprocity • altruism

16. In altruism, an individual reduces its own fitness to help other members of its social group. • inclusive fitness • kin selection

17. Eusocial behavior is an example of extreme altruism. • Eusocial species live in large groups of mostly nonreproductive individuals. • haplodiploid species: social insects (wasps, bees, ants) Minorworker Majorworker Queen • diploid species: termites, snapping shrimp, naked mole rats • Eusocial behaviors likely evolve by kin selection.

18. How are male offspring produced in eusocial insect species? • Name a benefit to living in a social group? • How is a pheromone a kind of communication? • Name a social behavior? • Which term describes behavior in which an animal reduces its own fitness to help others?