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Understanding Pesticides

Understanding Pesticides. General Standards Manual Chapter 2, pp. 13-19 Chapter 5, pp. 35, 43-44 Workbook pp. 2-6. 1. A pesticide is defined as . any substance used to prevent, destroy, repel, or mitigate any form of life that is declared to be a pest.

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Understanding Pesticides

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  1. UnderstandingPesticides General Standards Manual Chapter 2, pp. 13-19 Chapter 5, pp. 35, 43-44 Workbook pp. 2-6

  2. 1. A pesticide is defined as ... any substance used to prevent, destroy, repel, or mitigate any form of life that is declared to be a pest.

  3. 2. List the target pests for each pesticide group. Pesticide GroupTarget Pest Herbicides Weeds Insecticides Insects Miticides Mites Fungicides Fungi Pheromones Insects

  4. 3. What two general types of ingredients make up a pesticide formulation? Active ingredient(s) • e.g., glyphosate Inert ingredients • e.g., solvents, adjuvants, or the carrier itself

  5. 4. What is an adjuvant? A Pesticide Enhancer • Compatibility agents (emulsifiers, pH buffers) • Defoaming agents • Drift control additives • Surfactants (spreaders & stickers) • Penetrants (Petro. or Veg. oils)

  6. 5. Formulation Types • What will it form in the tank? • What are the agitation requirements? • Is it abrasive to nozzles, etc? • Are there special safety concerns?

  7. 5. SP (Soluble Powder)

  8. 5. SP (Soluble Powder) • Forms a: Solution • Agitation requirements: Initial • Abrasive: No • Safety: Dust

  9. 5. W, WP (Wettable powder) WDG (Water dispersible gran.) DF (Dry flowable)

  10. 5. W, WP (Wettable powder) WDG (Water dispersible gran.) DF (Dry flowable) • Forms a: Suspension • Agitation requirements: Strong • Abrasive: Yes • Safety: Dust

  11. 5. G (Granule) • Forms a: Applied as is • Safety: Feeding by birds

  12. 5. S (Solution) • Forms a: Solution • Agitation requirements: Initial • Abrasive: No

  13. 5. EC (Emulsifiable concentrate)

  14. 5. EC (Emulsifiable concentrate) • Forms an: Emulsion • Agitation requirements: Slight • Abrasive: No • Safety: FlammableSkin absorption PPE degradation

  15. 5. F, FL, L (Flowable, Liquid)

  16. 5. F, FL, L (Flowable, Liquid) • Forms a: Suspension • Agitation requirements: Moderate • Abrasive: Yes

  17. 5. ME (Microencapsulated) • Forms a: Suspension • Agitation requirements: Moderate • Abrasive: Yes • Safety: Honey bees “gather it”

  18. 6. Pesticide incompatibility A. Chemical incompatibility occurs when the mixing of certain pesticides alters the activity (chemistry) of one or more of them on the target pest.

  19. 6. Types of chemical incompatibility 1. Antagonism reduced activity when products are mixed. (i.e., 1+1 = 1)

  20. 6. Types of chemical incompatibility 2. Synergism greater activitywhen products are mixed (i.e., 1+1 = 3)

  21. 6. Pesticide incompatibility B. Physical incompatibility is the failure of the products to become or to stay uniformly mixed in the spray tank. e.g., oil layer, gelling, curdling

  22. 7. What is the best way to determine if pesticides can be tank mixed? • Read the labels What is the second best way? • Perform a standard jar test

  23. 8. Tank mixing order If no directions, proceed as follows: 1ndFill tank 1/4 to 1/2 full with carrier , 2rdBegin agitation , 3thUtility agents (if needed) ,

  24. 8. Tank mixing order (cont.) 4thSuspension products , - Drys (pre-mix): WP, DF, WDG , - Liquids: F, FL, ME , 5thEmulsifiable products (EC) , 6thSolution products (S, SP) , 7thSpray modifiers (if needed) .

  25. 9. Pesticides achieve useful pest control by their: • selective vs. nonselective A. Selectivity B. Mobility • contact vs. systemic

  26. A1. Selective pesticides: 9. Pesticide selectivity • control some related pests, but not others • Example: • 2,4-D to control broadleaf weeds in grasses (turf/grain)

  27. 9. Pesticide selectivity A2. Nonselective pesticides: • control all related pests • Example: • glyphosate to control all weeds along a fence row

  28. 9. Pesticide mobility B1. Contact pesticides: • do not move within the plant • effective only where applied (local surface)

  29. 9. Pesticide mobility B2. Systemic pesticides: • move within the plant • often effective against pests or plant parts that your application methods can’t reach

  30. 10. Pesticide resistance is ... the ability of a pest to survive normally-lethal rates of a pesticide.

  31. 11. How can YOU minimize the development of pesticide resistance? • Use Integrated Pest Management (IPM) • Rotate pesticide MOA

  32. 12. What are pesticide residues? The amount of pesticide or its break-down products that remain in the soil or in or on treated plants.

  33. 13. Do you want pesticide residues? Yes and no! • Residual activity may make retreatment unnecessary • Too much persistence may cause adverse effects

  34. 14. What happens to pesticide residues after application? • Movement into non-target sites • Uptake by target and non-target species • Breakdown by sun, plants, and microbes - eventually

  35. 15. What is a residue tolerance? It is the legal amount of residue that is allowed to remain in or on a food or feed crop when it is harvested. • The EPA sets these tolerances • The FDA monitors for residue

  36. 16. What is the importance of Preharvest Intervals (PHIs)? PHIs allow enough time for the pesticide residues to break down before a treated food or feed crop is harvested.

  37. 16. What is the importance of Preharvest Intervals (PHIs)? High Residue PHI days Harvest Date Application Date

  38. Click to return to menu End of module

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