Alpha

1. Alpha Ionising

2. How an ‘Ionisation Smoke Alarm’ works A source of alpha radiation is placed in the detector close to two electrodes The source causes the air to ionise, and a current flows If there is a fire then smoke will absorb the most of the ions – the current falls The siren will sound when the detector current falls .

3. Paper thickness control mill A paper mill regulates the thickness of the paper by using a alpha source.

4. Beta Ionising

5. Aluminium thickness control mill A radioactive source is on one side of the material and a detector on the other. If too much beta radiation is getting through, then the material is too thin and the rollers open up a bit to make the material thicker. Beta Source detector Hydraulic ram Electronic instructions to adjust rollers.

6. Gamma Ionising

7. Detecting leaking underground pipes The isotope must have a short half life so the material does not become a long term problem. The radioactive isotope must be a gamma emitter so that it can be detected through the metal and the earth where the pipe leaks. Alpha and beta rays would be blocked by the metal and the earth.

8. Sterilisation Gamma radiation can be used to sterilise food or medical instruments. The gamma rays pass through the object, killing any microbes as they pass through.

9. Radioactive Tracers Doctors may use radioactive chemicals called tracers for medical imaging. Certain chemicals concentrate in different damaged or diseased parts of the body, and the radiation concentrates with it. Radiation detectors placed outside the body detect the radiation emitted and, with the aid of computers, build up an image of the inside of the body. When a radioactive chemical is used in this way it is not normally harmful, because: it has a short half-life and so decays before it can do much damage Emitters of gamma radiation are used because gamma radiation can penetrate through the body. A gamma camera detects the radiation coming from the patient and produces an image of where the radioactivity is in the body.

10. Radiotherapy tumour • The tumour is exposed to gamma radiation at different angles. • This gives normal cells a low dose of radiation, while the tumour receives a high dose. • However, levels have to be carefully monitored so that healthy cells are not damaged as well. Rotating gamma source In some patients radiation treatment may not be able to destroy the cancer. Sometimes it is used only to reduce suffering (palliative care).

11. X-rays Ionising

12. Radiotherapy tumour • The tumour is exposed to X-rays radiation at different angles. • This gives normal cells a low dose of radiation, while the tumour receives a high dose. • However, levels have to be carefully monitored so that healthy cells are not damaged as well. Rotating X-ray source In some patients radiation treatment may not be able to destroy the cancer. Sometimes it is used only to reduce suffering (palliative care).

13. CT scan X-ray diagnosis A CT (computer tomography) scan can produce a 3D computer-generated image of soft tissue. A patient undergoing a CT scan. On the computer are image slices of her abdomen.

14. Mammogram An X-ray is taken to check for breast cancer

15. X-rays - airport security

16. X-ray photography X-rays can penetrate the body. The photographic film is turned from white to black by X-rays, so the more X-rays that are absorbed by an area of the body, the whiter that area will appear. This is why bones appear white on X-ray photographs.

17. Ultra-violet Ionising

18. Skin clinics - skin analysis UV imaging technique

19. Detecting forged bank notes U.V. LIGHT: A genuine bank note should not fluoresce right across the banknote. Many banknotes have fluorescent marking in the note. When they are held under the U.V. light the marking will appear (only the design should fluoresce when passed under the U.V. light).

20. Ultraviolet - Sunbeds Darkening of the skin is caused by an increased release of the pigment melanin into the skin's cells after exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes and protects the body from direct and indirect DNA damage absorbing an excess of solar radiation, which can otherwise be harmful.

21. Radio waves Non-ionising

22. Broadcasting and Communication Transmitter tower Radio waves are emitted by a radio or television transmitting aerial and picked up by a receiving aerial. The waves reach a radio or television aerial Radio waves are used mainly for broadcasting and communication purposes, and can send information over very long distances.

23. Microwaves Non-ionising

24. Microwaves - Mobile Phones Microwaves are used to transmit mobile phone calls.

25. Meteorology Ever noticed how your mobile phone can lose reception during heavy rain? Microwaves are absorbed by water. To make a microwave image, emitters on earth send microwaves to satellites in space. Detectors on the satellite measure any decrease in the strength or amplitude of the microwaves due to heavy rainfall or cloud. The decrease is colour coded and shows as rain cloud on computer

26. Microwave Ovens The microwaves penetrate the food and are absorbed by the water molecules inside the food which then vibrate vigorously.

27. Infra-red Non-ionising

28. Remote Controls Seeing invisible infra-red waves! Remote control handsets all use infra red radiation. You need: Infra-red remote control Mobile phone with camera facility

29. Weather satellites On each satellite there are two types of sensors. One is a visible light sensor called the "imager," which works like a camera in space and helps gather information on cloud movements and patterns. This sensor can only be used during daylight hours, since it works by capturing reflected light to create images. The second sensor is called the "sounder." It's an infrared sensor that reads temperatures. The higher the temperature of the object, the more energy it emits. This sensor allows satellites to measure the amount of energy radiated by Earth's surface, clouds, oceans, air, and so on. Infrared sensors can be used at night—a helpful feature for forecasters, considering that the imager can only pick up data during daylight hours.

30. Infra - red Cooking with waves • Heat radiation is absorbed by the molecules in the food causing them to vibrate. • Heat energy is then passed from one molecule to another by a process called conduction • Eventually heat energy spreads throughout the food item

31. Thermograms Doctors can use thermal imaging cameras to assess the state of the body e.g. cancer tissues are hotter than normal body tissues. Detecting metal fatigue in aeroplanes Infra-red cameras are used to study heat loss from buildings and guide advice on insulation requirements.

32. Relieves back pains Infra red radiation can be used for heat treatment and to keep young chicks warm. However, over exposure to infra red radiation can cause damage to cells and burn the skin.

33. Visible light Non-ionising

34. Fibre optics (fibre optic communications). The transmission of information by the passage of light through flexible, glass fibres. Electrical impulses are converted into light which is then transmitted through the optical fibre. The light is then re-converted into electrical impulses at its destination.

35. Lasers are used to read bar codes Lasers The military use lasers for guiding missiles. Entertainment Visible light from lasers is used to read CD ROMs and DVDs in computers and multimedia entertainment. Lasers are used in cutting machines

36. Reflectors for safety Total Internal Reflection - Catseye Reflectors are really strips of material with small prisms embedded in their surface. Each prism performs total internal reflection twice on the incident light.

37. Uses of Light - Safety Clothing Reflective clothing

38. Endoscope An endoscope allows doctors to see inside a patient’s body, either while they are carrying out an operation, or diagnosing a problem.