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GENDER THEORIES

GENDER THEORIES. Perspectives and Models. Psychoanalytic Theory. Psychoanalytic theory is a general term for approaches to psychoanalysis which attempt to provide a conceptual framework more-or-less independent of clinical practice rather than based on empirical analysis of clinical cases.

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GENDER THEORIES

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  1. GENDER THEORIES Perspectives and Models @2008 LIHernandez / 1999 KBussey & ABandura

  2. Psychoanalytic Theory • Psychoanalytic theory is a general term for approaches to psychoanalysis which attempt to provide a conceptual framework more-or-less independent of clinical practice rather than based on empirical analysis of clinical cases. @2008 LIHernandez / 1999 KBussey & ABandura

  3. Psychoanalytic Theory • Development is described as a primarily unconscious - that is, beyond awareness - and is heavily colored by emotion. • Followers of psychoanalytic theory • Sigmund Freud • Jacques Lacan • Julia Kristeva • Bracha Ettinger @2008 LIHernandez / 1999 KBussey & ABandura

  4. Psychoanalytic Theory • Gender development in boys and girls are initially believed to identify themselves with their mothers. • Between 3-5 years of age, this changes and children identify with the same-sex parent. • Boys genitalia causes castration anxieties • Girls’ lack of penis make them inferior @2008 LIHernandez / 1999 KBussey & ABandura

  5. Psychoanalytic Theory • Due to their identification with the same-sex parent, children become sex-typed (thus, boys are more sex-typed) • Need further evidence on cross sex-typed parent @2008 LIHernandez / 1999 KBussey & ABandura

  6. Cognitive Developmental Theory • Gender identity is postulated as the basic organizer and regulator of children's gender learning (Kohlberg, 1966). Children develop the stereotypic conceptions of gender from what they see and hear around them. @2008 LIHernandez / 1999 KBussey & ABandura

  7. Cognitive Developmental Theory • Once they achieve gender constancy -- the belief that their own gender is fixed and irreversible -- they positively value their gender identity and seek to behave only in ways that are congruent with that conception. • Kohlberg defined gender constancy as the realization that one’s sex is a permanent attribute tied to underlying biological properties and does not depend on superficial characteristics such as hair length, style of clothing, or choice of play activities. @2008 LIHernandez / 1999 KBussey & ABandura

  8. Cognitive Developmental Theory • Three discrete levels of gender understanding comprise gender constancy (Slaby & Frey, 1975). • "Gender identity" requires the simple ability to label oneself as a boy or girl and others as a boy, girl, man, or woman. • "Gender stability" is the recognition that gender remains constant over time -- that is, one's sex is the same now as it was when one was a baby and will remain the same in adulthood. • “Gender consistency", is mastered at about age six or seven years. The child now possesses the added knowledge that gender is invariant despite changes in appearance, dress or activity. Children are not expected to adopt gender-typed behaviors consistently until after they regard themselves unalterably as a boy or a girl. @2008 LIHernandez / 1999 KBussey & ABandura

  9. Gender Schema Theory • The Gender schema theory proposes that children learn from the culture in which they live a concept of what it means to be male and female. In other words, children adjust their behavior according to their gender norms and expectations. @2008 LIHernandez / 1999 KBussey & ABandura

  10. Gender Schema Theory • This theory states that the developing child internalizes gender lenses that are embedded in the discourse and social practices of the culture, and that these lenses predispose the individual to construct a self-identity that is consistent with these lenses @2008 LIHernandez / 1999 KBussey & ABandura

  11. Gender Schema Theory • Gender schemata is essential in gender role development and it emerges in early childhood. • In your own childhood, as you struggled to comprehend the world, you – like other children – formed concepts, or schema, including a schema for your own gender. Gender then became a lens through which you viewed your experiences. @2008 LIHernandez / 1999 KBussey & ABandura

  12. Gender Schema Theory • Through language, dress, toys, and songs, social learning shapes gender schemas. Children then compare themselves with their concept of gender ("I am male - thus, masculine, strong, aggressive," or "I am female - therefore, feminine, sweet, and helpful") and adjust their behavior accordingly @2008 LIHernandez / 1999 KBussey & ABandura

  13. Gender Schema Theory • Negative consequences • gender-stereotyped behaviors and attitudes may occur • this ultimately leads to the androcentrism part of the Gender Schema theory which suggests that the standards are created from the male point of view, so everything different from this category is considered a deviation from the standard as well as an inferior departure. @2008 LIHernandez / 1999 KBussey & ABandura

  14. Biological Theory • Evolutionary Psychology • Gender differentiation is as ancestrally programmed in terms of • Mate preferences (natural selection) • Reproductive strategies (multiple sex) • Parental control • Aggressive nature of males (e.g., social dominators, prolific maters in propagating their genes) @2008 LIHernandez / 1999 KBussey & ABandura

  15. Sociological Theory • Social construction • Gender stereotypes shape the perception, evaluation and treatment of males and females in selectively gendered ways that beget the very patterns of behavior that confirm the initial stereotypes. Many gender differences in social behavior are viewed as products of division of labor between the sexes that get replicated through socio-structural practices governed by disparate gender status and power @2008 LIHernandez / 1999 KBussey & ABandura

  16. Social Cognitive Theory • This theory posits that portions of an individual's knowledge acquisition can be directly related to observing others within the context of social interactions, experiences, and outside media influences. @2008 LIHernandez / 1999 KBussey & ABandura

  17. Social Cognitive Theory • It is a learning theory based on the ideas that people learn by watching what others do and that human thought processes are central to understanding personality. People learn by observing others. • Learning is an internal process that may or may not change behavior. • People behave in certain ways to reach goals. • Behavior is self-directed (as opposed to the behaviorist thought that behavior is determined by environment.) • Reinforcement and punishment have unpredictable and indirect effects on both behavior and learning. @2008 LIHernandez / 1999 KBussey & ABandura

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