Satellite picture of Washington State and British Columbia

1. Satellite picture of Washington State and British Columbia • Notice that the Western (left) half of the state is a different color than the Eastern (right) half of the state. What do you think accounts for this difference? • What is the white stuff to the lower left in the picture?

2. Topographic map of Washington State 3. How is this map different from the satellite photo? Give three ways. 4. Locate Grays Harbor on this map.

3. The Juan de Fuca Sandwich • 200 million years ago, the North American plate started moving west. • About 50 million years ago, the Juan de Fuca Plate broke off of another plate as it was stuck between the North American and the Pacific Plates Source of map: http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/PlateTectonics/Maps/map_plate_tectonics_cascades.html

4. The Olympics • The Olympic Mountains were an ancient sea floor. • When the Juan de Fuca plate collided with the North American plate, it was scraped onto the North American Continent and uplifted into the atmosphere by surrounding geologic pressures. • This took a few million years. Give or take. 5.Why do they find ancient clam shells at the top of the Olympic Mountains?

5. Topographical Map, Western Washington State Source: http://access.wa.gov/government/images/wa.gif Modified by Christyna Paris • How do you think Grays Harbor (the body of water, not the county) formed? • Did the Olympic Mountain Range form by volcanic activity? • What are the odds that an Olympic mountain will erupt? • How do you know that the Cascades are volcanic? Cascade Mountain Range Olympic Mountains Coastal Mountain Range Willapa Hills Grays Harbor Columbia River

6. Mt. Olympus, The tallest peak on the Olympic Peninsula. Source: http://www.peakware.com/encyclopedia/peaks/photos/olympus1.htm

7. The Olympic Coast

8. What are three features of this ecosystem? • Over time, will the cliffs at Point Grenville get bigger or smaller? Explain your answer. • What are three pressures that an organism experiences living in a tidal zone? • Explain the main advantage to an organism of living in a tidal zone. • Why do most tidal organisms live on the rocks, instead of the sand? Point Grenville

9. Point Grenville is a part of the Quinault Indian Nation’s land holdings A Rich History Quinault woman carrying wood on beach at Point Grenville Washington, in drawing made ca.1885 ORIGINAL CREATORWilloughby, Sarah, 1841-1913

10. Pt. Grenville’s Past • In the 1960s, this beach was a popular place for surfing • Over time, high use and people driving on the sand caused a lot of damage to the ecosystem • The Quinault Nation chose to close this beach to outsiders in order to protect it • Limited access is granted for educational purposes

11. Rules for Tidepools 1. Show absolute respect for this ecosystem. It is a privilege for you to be here. 2. Only step on bare rock, not plants or animals. 3. Complete your research quickly and accurately. 4. If you pick up a rock to look under it, put it back the same way. If you don’t, it’ll kill the thingsthat live on and under it.

12. Point Grenville Creatures You’ll see these at the beach. 15. Please do the following (50 pts.) • Read every slide. • Pick five of the animals and type the following information about them: a) Name of the organism b) Tide zone it lives in. c) What it eats. d) How it moves (or if it moves). e) One other interesting fact about the organism. f) Include an image 16. Repeat #15 for non-animal species (50 points)

14. Barnacle (Balanus sp.) Habitat: High to low tide zone; attached to rocks, shellsEats: PlanktonEaten by: Drill snails, seastars, worms, fishes, birdsFeeds: Sweeps plankton into mouth with feathery feet.Moves: When they are young, they swim as plankton. Adults glue their head to something stable.Defense: Withdraws into shellDrying: Closes shellReproduction: Hermaphroditic (both male and female); internal fertilization. Notes: The glue they use to attach themselves is one of the strongest natural adhesives known. It is used in human dentistry! hotograph by Nancy Sefton

15. Giant Green Anemone (Anthopleura xanthogrammica) Habitat: Mid to low tide zone, attached to rocks.Eats: Fishes, algae, plankton, snails, crabsEaten by: Nudibranchs, seastars, snails, fishesFeeds: Paralyzes prey with stinging cells on tentaclesSwallows prey whole, spits our shell and indigestible parts.Moves: Attaches in clustersDefense: Stinging cells called nematocystsDrying: Covers with shell bits and closes upReproduction: Reproduces both sexually and asexually (through budding). Separate sexes fertilize externally. Notes: A green algae lives inside these anemones and give them a plant-like color. Studies show that anemones that live in caves and lack algae loose weight faster when food is not available. Photograph by Lisa Eschenbach

16. Chiton (Black Chiton: Katherina tunicata) Habitat: Mid to low tide zone; attached to rocksEats: Bacteria, algaeEaten by: Gulls, seastars, crabs, fishes, anemonesFeeds: Grazes with raspy tongue-like "radula"Moves: Glides slowly on foot; most active at night.Defense: Clamps to rocks, or rolls in a ball if dislodged.Drying: 8 interlocking plates enable it to conform to uneven rock surfaces and seal tightly.Reproduction: Separate sexes; external fertilization Notes: Carries "hitchhikers"; hydroids, byozoans, algae, barnacles, limpets, sponges, others. Largest species in the world is found in the Pacific Northwest Region: the gumboot chiton. Photograph by Nancy Sefton

18. Green CrabsCarcinus maenasHabitat: Rocky intertidal, low to subtidal zoneEats: Detritus, other crabsDefenses: PinchersNotes: Green crabs are an invasive species from Europe. They prey on other crabs. Ecologists are closely monitoring their population growth because they are both an ecological and economic threat to Dungeness and other crab species. So far, they have been found in Gray's harbor to the south of the Sanctuary and Vancouver Island to the north. They were accidentally introduced to the Pacific Northwest.To identify Green Crabs, remember, 5-3-5. They have five lobes on the outside of their left eye, three lobes between their eyes and five lobes on the outside of their right eye. Although it is called the green crab, it can be orange or red as well. Color is not a good way to identify the green crab in general because many crabs can have a greenish color. If you find a green crab matching this description, call the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife at 360-796-4601.

19. Hermit Crab (Pangurus armatus) Habitat: Mid tide zone; tidepoolsEats: ScavengesEaten by: BirdsFeeds: Uses claws to bring food to mouthMoves: Crawls with legs.Defense: Withdraws into shell; large claws act like a shield to block entrance.Drying: Finds refuge in tidepools and under rocksReproduction: Separate sexes; external fertilization. Eggs attach to female's abdomen. Notes: There are many different types of Hermit Crabs. They all inhabit discarded shells. May have sponges, barnacles and others "hitching" a ride on their shells. Photograph by Nancy Sefton

20. Kelp Crab (Pugettia producta) Habitat: Low tide to deep watersEats: Brown kelp and sometimes other animalsReproduction: Mating takes place in deeper waters in the late fall Notes: The color of this crab closely matches the color of the kelp it eats. In the fall, adults migrate to deeper water. They return to the intertidal in December. As the kelp crab ages, it becomes increasingly carnivorous. OCNMS library

21.  Purple Shore Crab ( Hemigrapsus nudus; green: H orgonerisis) Habitat: Mid to low tide zone; under rocksEats: Green algaeEaten by: Fishes, birdsFeeds: With large pincersMoves: Scurries sideways with legsDefense: Hides under rocks; burrows into mudDrying: Can withstand long periods out of waterReproduction: Separate sexes; internal fertilization. The female broods eggs between her tail and abdomen Notes: What looks like a dead crab, may just be the discarded outgrown shell- the molt. Photograph by Nancy Sefton

23. Keyhole Limpet (Diodora aspera) Habitat: Low to sub-tidal zone; attached to rocksEats: AlgaeEaten by: Seastars, birdsFeeds: Scrapes algae off the rocks with radulaMoves: Moves with one foot; most return to a particular "home" during the day.Defense: Clamps to rocks using 70 pounds of force.Drying: Active at night, when covered with waterReproduction: Separate sexes; external fertilization Notes: Bryozoans, small barnacles and algae may grow on shells. This limpet can cover its shell with its mantle (a piece of its body). This can prevents their predator, the sea stars, from being able to attach their tube feet.

24. California Mussel (Mytilus californianus) Habitat: Mid tide zone; attached to rocks, or shellsEats: PlanktonEaten by: Seastars, ribbon worms, drill snails, crabs, birds, fishes, sea otters, and humans. Human should be cautious when eating mussels because they can cause Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning.Feeds: Filter-feeds; traps plankton with mucusMoves: Attaches with thin, black "byssal" threads". Notes: Mussel beds create homes for other animals. In one study, a plot the size of one square foot yielded 4,711 individuals from 22 different species. Photograph by Nancy Sefton

25. Octopus (Octopus dofleini) Habitat: Subtidal in rock caves; tidepoolsEats: Mollusks, crabs, fishesEaten by: Large fishes, wolf eels, crabsFeeds: Attacks prey with arms; parrot-like beak covered with poison kills and digests prey.Moves: Propels by expelling water through siphons. Crawls with tentacles.Defense: Fast swimmer, and can squirt an ink "fog screen". Can change color to camouflage to the surroundings. Uses tentacles for fighting.Reproduction: Separate sexes; internal fertilization. Mother protects eggs for 4 months. Notes: Octopus have a highly developed brains and eyes. The world's largest species live in the Pacific Northwest Region and can grow to 30 feet long and weigh 600 pounds. Photograph by Mary Sue Brancato

26. Smooth Bay Shrimp (Crangon stylirostris) Habitat: Low tide zone; sandy beachesEats: Small crustaceans and small clamsEaten by: Large fishes, octopuses, anemones, crabs, humansFeeds: With specialized feeding appendagesMoves: Swims very quicklyDefense: Spines on upper bodyReproduction: Separate sexes; internal fertilization. Eggs attach beneath tail of females. Notes: Antennae are chemical and tactile sensors. Commercially important.

28. Ochre Sea Star Pisaster ochraceus Habitat: Low tide zone; rocksEats: Clams, mussels, barnacles, oysters, snails, limpets, chitonsEaten by: Gulls, sea ottersFeeds: Arms clamp to prey and force shell open. They can then place their stomach into the prey with an opening of only .1 mm. It can take 2-3 days to digest their prey.Moves: Moves swiftly with thousands of suction-cup tube feet.Defense: Can regenerate lost arms if part of their central disc is intact. Tweezer-like "pedicellariae" on their upper surface keep anything from settling on them and clogging the breathing ability of their skinDrying: Thick skin prevents dryingReproduction: Separate sexes; external fertilization Notes: Same species may be orange, purple, burgandy, or brown. Light sensitive eyespots are on the tip of each arm. Photograph by Nancy Sefton

29. Pacific Blood Star Henricia leviuscula Habitat: Low tide zone Eats: Sponges and bacteria and other small particles it traps with mucus. This food is then transported up to its mouth with cilliary tracks. Eaten by: Birds Reproduction: Smaller females brood their young, while larger females release their eggs directly into the deeper waters. Sea Stars greatest enemies are human collectors.

30. Calcareous Tube Worm (Serpula vermicularis) Habitat: Mid to low tide zone: attached to rocks and shellsEats: PlanktonEaten by: Fish nip off tentaclesFeeds: Filter-feeds with tentaclesMoves: Lives in hard white tubeDefense: Withdraws tentaclesDrying: Closes tube entranceReproduction: Separate sexes; internal fertilizationNotes: Tube may extend 2-3 feet. Microscopic hair-like cilia pulse in unison to draw plankton to the mouth like an automated assembly line. Mucus is secreted to grow and repair the tubes this worm lives in. Photograph by Nancy Sefton

31. Sea Urchins (Strongylocentrotus sp.) Habitat: Low tide zone; on rocksEats: SeaweedEaten by: Sea otters, Seastars, crabs, gullsFeeds: Tube feet pass seaweed to mouth; chews with a 5 pointed jaw called "Aristotle's Lantern"Moves: Moves on tube feet and spinesDefense: Spines protect from predation. Tweezer-like "pedicellariae" keep anything from attaching to them.Drying: Covers body with bits of shell to reflect the sunReproduction: Separate sexes; external fertilizationNotes: Three species; green, red and purple. The shell is called a "test". The green urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) has the longest scientific name in the animal kingdom! Urchin populations have damaged kelp populations in areas where Sea Otters have not kept urchin populations in check. OCNMS Library

32. Bottlebrush AlgaeEndocladia muricata Size: 4-8 cm or 1.5 to 3 inches tallHabitat: High tide zone; on rocksPhylum: Red AlgaeCaloric Value: HighEaten by: Sometimes LimpetsVegetation present year-round?: YesReproduction: Bottlebrush algae has two life cycles (one reproductive and one not) that are indistinguishable. Notes: Bottlebrush algae is well adapted to the high intertidal zone with a resistance to drying and the ability to withstand relatively high temperatures.

33. Coralline AlgaeOrder: Corallinales Size: 1-2 mm, a thin coating Habitat:- Low to mid tide zonePhylum: Red algaeEaten by: Northern Abalone, some limpets, and lined chitonsVegetation present year-round?: YesReproductions: Reproduction occurs within the algae. Sometimes, you can find small bumps on the surface of the algae where reproduction takes place. Separate male and female plants. Notes: Coralline takes calcium out of the water. This calcium carbonate gives them a coral-like look. As they die, they turn white. There are a number of different species that are difficult to differentiate.

34. The Giant KelpMacrocystis pyrifera Size: 30 meters or 100 feet longHabitat: Low tide zonePhylum: Brown algaeEaten by: Red and Purple Urchins, Bat Star, Kelp CrabVegetation present year-round?: No. It dies off each winter, but grows back quickly in the early spring. Giant Kelp can grow up to 14 inches in one day, putting it in the running for fastest plant growth in the world.Reproduces: Giant kelp releases spores into the water. Notes: Giant Kelp and Bull Kelp are the key species in the kelp forests which stretch from Northern California to Alaska. Often plants are destroyed in winter storms and they grow back in the spring. Sanctuary studies show that Giant Kelp provides important breeding grounds and protection for young Rockfish and numerous other species.

35. Black PineNeorhodomela larix Size: 30 cm to 12 inches tallHabitat: Low intertidalPhylum: Brown AlgaeCaloric Value: Moderate, though it contains bromophenols that prevent some grazing.Vegetation present year-round?: YesReproduction: Separate male and female plants. Black Pine has two life cycles (one reproductive and one not) that are indistinguishable. Notes: This species is more tolerant of sand than many other rocky intertidal algaes. It grows in mats and can out-compete other algae with its quick growth.

36. Bull KelpNereocystis leutkeana Size: 10-36 meters or 33 feet to a record 118 feet.Habitat: Low tide zonePhylum: Brown AlgaeEaten by: Limpets, Chitons, and UrchinsCaloric Value: High, especially in protein, calcium and iron.Vegetation present year-round?: Bull Kelp is usually ripped up by winter storms only to regrow in the spring. Notes: The hollow bulb was used by coastal Native Americans to carry water; stems called stipes were dried and used for fishing line. It was also pickled and eaten by early pioneers. Kelp forests are shelter for fishes. Seabirds rest in calmed sea around the fronds. While, sea otters wrap in the blades to "anchor" themselves. The blades provide a hard surface for mussels and bryozoans to attach. One of the fastest growing plants- can grow up to half a foot a day, to a height of almost 100 feet!

37. Laver or NoriPorphyra sp. Size: Mid-size 10-50 cm or 4 to 20 inches longHabitat: Mid tide zonePhylum: Red algaeCaloric value: One of the highest caloric values for marine algae.Eaten by: Limpets and other grazersVegetation present year round?: NoReproduction: Very complex, two life cycles. Notes: Cultivated worldwide as food. The alternate generation is a microscopic plant which grows inside the shells of marine mollusks like mussels and barnacles.

38. Sea CauliflowerLeathesia difformis Size:Up to 5 cm long, though usually smaller Habitat: Mid to low tide zones Caloric Value: Low Phylum: Brown Algae Vegetation present year-round?:Sea Cauliflower is an annual. It dies out in the winter. Notes: Sea Cauliflower often settles on another plant and takes nothing from the host plant. Therefore, it is a true epiphyte. Sea Cauliflower does not tolerate high temperatures. It is often said to resemble a miniature brain.

39. Sea LettuceUlva sp. Size: 18 cm or 7 inchesHabitat: High tide zone; attached or free-floatingPhylum: Green algaeCaloric value: HighEaten by: Shore crabs, MollusksReproduction: Alternative generations (like ferns) produce one life stage that reproduces sexually and one that reproduces asexually. Notes: Sea lettuce is one to two cells thick. The Danish species has been shown to absorb glucose and acetate from sea water, stimulating growth.

40. Sea PalmsPostelsia palmaeformis Size: Up to 60 cm or 24 inchesHabitat: Grows in areas with extreme wave action. The flexible stems called stipes in seaweeds bend to absorb wave energy.Phylum: Brown algaeCaloric value: LowVegetation present year-round?: NoReproduction: Spores develop on the back side of the blades. They are released in late spring. Notes: Sea Palms can grow on mussels. This makes the mussels more susceptible to being pulled off rocks by wave action. New Sea Palms will then grow in to replace the missing mussels.

41. Sea SacsHalosaccion glandiforme Size: 4 cm or 1.5 inchesHabitat:- Mid- intertidal zonePhylum: Red algaeCaloric value: HighEaten by: LimpetsVegetation present year-round?: NoReproduces: Spores are released in the fall. The plant dies out at that time, only to return in the spring. Notes: Sea Sacs are relatively easy to identify by their long fluid filled sacs. Sacs fill with water in high tide and loose water during low tide. Experiments have shown that removing all of the water from the sacs can kill the plant in a matter of hours. Gasses also occupy the sacs and this keeps the sacs floating.

42. Sea Staghorn or Dead Man's FingerCodium Fragile Size: To 30 cm or 12 inchesHabitat: Grows on the outer coast in the low intertidal and subtidal zones.Phylum: Green algaeCaloric value: LowEaten by: A specialized sea slugVegetation present year round?: YesReproduction: Some plants are male and some female Notes: Staghorn is a "siphonous alga" which means that it is composed of filaments that interweave and are in fact only one multinucleated cell. In the northeastern United States, a cyanobacteria has been found to live in Staghorn. This bacteria produces nitrogen for the plant. Further studies need to be done in the Northwest to see if that is true of the Staghorn that live here as well.

43. SurfgrassPyllospadix sp Size: Up to 1 meter or 3 feetHabitat: Rocky areas, low intertidalPhylum: Sea grassCaloric value: HighVegetation present year-round?: YesReproduction: Sea grass is a true plant. It has roots and flowers. Notes: While it is a true plant, surfgrass does not have stomata (similar to pores) like terrestrial plants, This helps to prevent water loss in their salty environment. The outer wall of surfgrass is thickened to protect the plant. Surfgrass communities provide an important protected environment for intertidal life. Surfgrass is also high in protein. Because it plays an important biological role and it is sensitive to environmental changes, it is a keynote species.

44. Winged KelpAlaria MarginataSize: 2-3 meters or 8-10 feetHabitat: Rocky intertidal, low tide zonePhylum: Brown AlgaeVegetation present year round?: YesReproduces: The reproductive sporophytes are low on the blade. They contain a chemical the discourages grazing. Notes: Alaria tends to out-compete in areas of high-wave action.