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Chapter 52

Chapter 52. Section 1 & 2. What Does Ecology Do?. Ecology Reveals the richness of the biosphere. What is Ecology?. Study of interactions between organisms and the environment Ecology Has a long history as a descriptive science & is a rigorous experimental science.

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Chapter 52

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  1. Chapter 52 Section 1 & 2

  2. What Does Ecology Do? • Ecology • Reveals the richness of the biosphere

  3. What is Ecology? • Study of interactions between organisms and the environment • Ecology • Has a long history as a descriptive science & is a rigorous experimental science

  4. Organisms and the Environment • The environment of any organism includes: • Abiotic • Nonliving components • Biotic • Living components • Biota • All the organisms living in the environment

  5. Climate in northern Australia is hot and wet, with seasonal drought. Kangaroos/km2 > 20 10–20 5–10 1–5 0.1–1 Red kangaroos occur in most semiarid and arid regions of the interior, where precipitation is relatively low and variable from year to year. < 0.1 Limits ofdistribution Southeastern Australia has a wet, cool climate. Southern Australia has cool, moist winters and warm, dry summers. Tasmania What role does the Environment play for organisms? • Affects the distribution and abundance of organisms

  6. Ways Ecologists Study the Environment • Use: • Observations • Experiments

  7. (a) Organismal ecology. How do humpback whales select their calving areas? Subfields of Ecology • Organismal Ecology • Studies how an organism’s structure, physiology, and behavior meet the challenges posed by the environment

  8. Population ecology. What environmental factors affect the reproductive rate of deer mice? (b) Subfields of EcologyCont’d • Population Ecology • Concentrates mainly on factors that affect how many individuals of a particular species live in an area

  9. Subfields of EcologyCont’d • Community Ecology • Deals with the whole array of interacting species in a community (c) Community ecology.What factors influencethe diversity of speciesthat make up aparticular forest?

  10. Subfields of EcologyCont’d • Ecosystem Ecology • Emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling between biotic and abiotic components (d) Ecosystem ecology. Whatfactors control photosyntheticproductivity in a temperategrassland ecosystem?

  11. (e) Landscape ecology. To what extent do the trees lining the drainage channels in this landscape serve as corridors of dispersal for forest animals? Subfields of EcologyCont’d • Landscape Ecology • Deals with arrays of ecosystems and how they are arranged in a geographic region

  12. Biosphere • Is the global ecosystem, • Sum of all the planet’s ecosystems

  13. Ecology and Environmental Issues • Ecology provides the scientific understanding underlying environmental issues • Rachel Carson • Started the modern environmental movement

  14. Ecologists follow the Precautionary Principle • Humans need to be concerned with how their actions affect the environment

  15. Section 52.2 • Concept 50.2: Interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of species

  16. Palearctic Nearctic Tropic of Cancer (23.5N) Oriental Ethiopian Equator Neotropical (23.5S) Tropic of Capricorn Australian Dispersion Patterns • Many naturalists have noticed a pattern of the ways plants and animals are distributed

  17. Dispersal and Distribution • Dispersal • Movement of individuals away from centers of high population density or from their area of origin • Leads to distribution of species

  18. Species Transplants • Species Transplants • Organisms that are intentionally or accidentally relocated from original distribution • How does this effect an ecosystem? • Can disrupt the communities or ecosystems causing a change in food chain

  19. Behavior and Habitat Selection • A Few Thoughts • Some Organisms • Do not occupy all of their potential range • Species distribution • May be limited by habitat selection behavior

  20. Biotic Factors • These affect the distribution of organisms • Interactions with other species • Predation • Competition

  21. Abiotic Factors • These affect the distribution of organisms • Temperature • Water • Sunlight • Wind • Rocks and soil • Salinity

  22. Temperature • Environmental Temperature • How does this effect distribution of species? • It can change biological processes

  23. Water • How is water a factor that could influence species distribution?

  24. Sunlight • How is sunlight a factor that could influence species distribution? • Can influence photosynthesis • Development and behavior of organisms sensitive to the photoperiods can be altered

  25. Wind • How does wind effect different species? • Amplifies the effects of temperature on organisms

  26. Rocks and Soil • How are rocks and soil a factor that could influence species distribution? • Limit the distribution of plants and thus the animals that feed upon them by: • Physical Structure • pH • Mineral composition

  27. Climate • Climate • Is the prevailing weather conditions in a particular area • Four major abiotic components make up climate: • Temperature • Water • Sunlight • Wind

  28. Climate patterns can be described on two scales • Macroclimate • These are on the global, regional, and local level • Microclimate • In certain locations • Mountain Tops, under a fallen log etc…

  29. Global Climate Patterns • Global Climate Patterns • Determined by the input of solar energy • Location of Earth in space

  30. LALITUDINAL VARIATION IN SUNLIGHT INTENSITY North Pole60N Low angle of incoming sunlight 30N Tropic ofCancer Sunlight directly overhead 0 (equator) Tropic ofCapricorn 30S Low angle of incoming sunlight 60S South pole Figure 50.10 Atmosphere How Global Climate Is Determined(Input of Solar Energy) • Sunlight Intensity • Plays a major part in determining the Earth’s climate patterns

  31. SEASONAL VARIATION IN SUNLIGHT INTENSITY March equinox: Equator faces sun directly; neither pole tilts toward sun; all regions on Earth experience 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness. 60N June solstice: Northern Hemisphere tilts toward sun; summer begins in Northern Hemisphere; winter begins in Southern Hemisphere. 30N 0 (equator) 30S December solstice: Northern Hemisphere tilts away from sun; winter begins in Northern Hemisphere; summer begins in Southern Hemisphere. Constant tilt of 23.5 September equinox: Equator faces sun directly; neither pole tilts toward sun; all regions on Earth experience 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness. How Global Climate Is Determined Cont’d(Location In Space)

  32. GLOBAL WIND PATTERNS ArcticCircle 60N Westerlies 30N Northeast trades Doldrums 0 (equator) Southeast trades 30S Westerlies 60S AntarcticCircle Figure 50.10 How Global Climate Is Determined Cont’d

  33. Regional, Local, and Seasonal Effects on Climate • Various features of the landscape contribute to local variations in climate • What might be some of these?

  34. Warm air over land rises. 1 Cooler air sinks over water. 3 Air cools at high elevation. 2 Cool air over water moves inland, replacing rising warm air over land. 4 Bodies of Water • Oceans and their currents, and large lakes

  35. Mountains • Mountains have a significant effect on • The amount of sunlight reaching an area • Local temperature • Rainfall

  36. 1 As moist air moves in off the Pacific Ocean and encounters the westernmost mountains, it flows upward, cools at higher altitudes, and drops a large amount of water. The world’s tallest trees, the coastal redwoods, thrive here. 2 Farther inland, precipitation increases again as the air moves up and over higher mountains. Some of the world’s deepest snow packs occur here. 3 On the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada, there is little precipitation. As a result of this rain shadow, much of central Nevada is desert. Wind direction East PacificOcean Sierra Nevada CoastRange Mountain Effect Cont’d

  37. SEASONAL VARIATION IN SUNLIGHT INTENSITY March equinox: Equator faces sun directly; neither pole tilts toward sun; all regions on Earth experience 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness. June solstice: Northern Hemisphere tilts toward sun; summer begins in Northern Hemisphere; winter begins in Southern Hemisphere. 60N 30N 0 (equator) 30S December solstice: Northern Hemisphere tilts away from sun; winter begins in Northern Hemisphere; summer begins in Southern Hemisphere. Constant tilt of 23.5 September equinox: Equator faces sun directly; neither pole tilts toward sun; all regions on Earth experience 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness. Seasonality • The angle of the sun • Leads to many seasonal changes in local environments

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