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Lecture V: Terrestrial Planets & Summary

Lecture V: Terrestrial Planets & Summary. Plate Tectonics Atmospheres & Spectra Geophysical Cycles Future Exploration. Earth’s tectonic plates today. Plate tectonics. Super-Earth Model. Input: M, P surf , T surf , guess R, g surf , composition.

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Lecture V: Terrestrial Planets & Summary

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  1. Lecture V: Terrestrial Planets &Summary Plate Tectonics Atmospheres & Spectra Geophysical Cycles Future Exploration

  2. Earth’s tectonic plates today

  3. Plate tectonics

  4. Super-Earth Model Input: M, Psurf, Tsurf, guess R, gsurf, composition Output: R, ρ(r), P(r), g(r), m(r), phase transitions, D, ...

  5. Plate tectonics on Super-Earths Plate tectonics - more robust for higher masses: < Thinner plates, stronger stress (Valencia, O’Connell, Sasselov 2007)

  6. Super-Earths geochemistry, e.g. the Carbonate-silicate cycle, orSulfur cycle, etc. Planets of different initial conditions are “driven” to a set of geochemical equilibria by global geo-cycles over geological timescales. e.g., Halevy & Schrag (2008)

  7. Atmospheres: A hot Jupiter (51 Peg b) spectrum Seager & Sasselov (2000)

  8. Micromagnitude variability from planet phase changes • Space-based: MOST(2005), COROT (2007), Kepler (~2009) Photometric Light Curves • D m=2.5 (Rp/D)22/3/p(sin(a) + (p-a)cos(a))

  9. Scattered Light • Need to consider: • phase function • multiple scattering

  10. Scattering Phase Functions and Polar Plots MgSiO3 (solid), Al2O3 (dashed), and Fe(s) Forward throwing & “glory” Seager, Whitney, & Sasselov 2000

  11. Scattered Light Changes with Phase Seager, Whitney, & Sasselov 2000 51 Peg @ 550 nm

  12. Atmosphere: What is special about atomic Na and the alkali metals? Seager & Sasselov (2000)

  13. Atmosphere: The tricks of transmission spectroscopy: Brown (2001)

  14. Atmosphere: Theoretical Transmission Spectra of HD 209458 b Occulted Area (%) Wavelength (nm) Seager & Sasselov (2000)

  15. Direct Detection of Thermal Emission

  16. Transit & eclipse of HD189733b Heather Knutson & Dave Charbonneau (2007)

  17. Spectra Four observed data points vs. models Burrows, Sudarsky, & Hubeny (2006)

  18. Spectrum for HD 189733b Obtained by transit transmission & eclipse emission Inverse Residual Flux Wavelength

  19. New 2 m Spectrum for HD 189733b (Swain et al. 2008)

  20. The “Tree of super-Earths” ? Fe -rich mantle Terrestrial Planets / Dry, Rocky Planets ? ? H2O -rich mantle ? Super-Earths Ocean Planets / Water Planets ? Mini-Neptunes (Sasselov, 2008, Nantes)

  21. Theoretical spectra of Super-Earths How to distinguish mini-Neptune from super-Earth: < Three types of atmospheres (Miller-Ricci, Seager, Sasselov 2008)

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