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Cell Structure & Function in AP Biology: What's New?

Explore the latest discoveries and concepts in cell structure and function in AP Biology. Learn about the nuclear envelope, endomembrane system, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes. Discover the evidence for the endosymbiotic theory.

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Cell Structure & Function in AP Biology: What's New?

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  1. AP BIOLOGY Chapter 6Cell Structure & FunctionWHAT’S NEW you didn’t learn in BIO I? Slide shows combined and modified from:http://gbs.glenbrook.k12.il.us/Academics/gbssci/bio/apbio/Lecture/lecture.htm; http://www.explorebiology.com/ http://home.att.net/~tljackson/neville.html

  2. http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/nuclear_envelope.htm NUCLEAR ENVELOPE DOUBLE MEMBRANE isfused in spots formingNUCLEAR PORES NUCLEAR LAMINA- netlike array of protein filaments on nuclear side of envelope that maintains the shape of the nucleus (Play a role in reforming nuclear membrane after cell division,if you inject antibodies to lamina proteins, nucleus can’t reform after mitosis)

  3. Nucleus Nucleus 1 µm Nucleolus Chromatin Nuclear envelope: Inner membrane Outer membrane Nuclear pore Pore complex Rough ER Surface of nuclear envelope. 1 µm Ribosome 0.25 µm Close-up of nuclear envelope Nuclear lamina (TEM). Pore complexes (TEM). NUCLEAR ENVELOPE Figure 6.10

  4. ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM Regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell Includes:Plasma membraneNuclear membraneEndoplasmic reticulumGolgi apparatusVacuolesLysosomes

  5. INSULIN being released by pancreas cells using exocytosis http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/255/255ion/fig14x26.jpg

  6. Golgi apparatusCisternae = Flattened membrane sacs (look like stacked pancakes)2 sides = 2 functions • cis = (receives vesicles by fusion) • trans = buds off vesicles to send to other places (shipping face)

  7. Animation from: http://www.franklincollege.edu/bioweb/A&Pfiles/week04.html See a Golgi movie

  8. EVERYTHING’S CONNNECTED!

  9. LYSOSOMES (common in animal cells but rare in plant cells) Contain hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion • Food (Phagocytosis) • Damaged organellesAUTOPHAGY ~ “eating self” See movie

  10. LYSOSOMES: Uncontrolled release of lysosome contents into the cytoplasm can also cause cell death (necrosis) • APOPTOSIS (self-destruct mechanism)“cell suicide” Embryonic development Removes damaged cells Immune response Cancer cells and AIDS virus override self-destruct signals

  11. WHITE BLOOD CELLS USE LYSOSOMES TODIGEST ENGULFED BACTERIA(Phagocytosis) http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/255/255ion/fig14x28.jpg

  12. ANIMAL VACUOLES & VESICLES“transport vehicles” • FOOD VACUOLES Phagocytosis/ fuse with lysosomes • CONTRACTILE VACUOLES Freshwater organisms pump out excess water http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgjun99/vidjun1.gif

  13. PLANT VACUOLES (Central Vacuole) • Surrounded by membrane = TONOPLASTSelectively permeable – controls what goes in & out • STORAGE • Water • Stockpile proteins/inorganic ions • Deposit metabolic byproducts • Store pigments • Store defensive compounds against herbivores

  14. Other cell parts with membranes that are NOT part of the Endomembrane system: • Mitochondria • Plastids • Peroxisomes

  15. MITOCHONDRIA- DOUBLE MEMBRANE Outer membrane Inner membrane (CRISTAE) increases surface area for chemical reactions Intermembrane space=Space between inner membrane & outer membrane MATRIX = Space inside cristae foldscontains DNA, enzymes, ribosomes

  16. Chloroplasts – site for photosynthesis in plants • DOUBLE MEMBRANE • Has own DNA • Thylakoids – membrane sacs containing light-capturing pigments • Grana – closed compartments of stacked thylakoid membranes • Stroma – fluid surrounding thylakoids

  17. PLASTIDS CHLOROPLASTS- contain pigment chlorophyll for photosynthesis CHROMOPLASTS- contain pigments that give fruits and flowers colors AMYLOPLASTS- store starch (amylose) in roots and tubers (colorless) http://www.jonathanwald.com/800x600/images/Red-Apple.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Potato_-_Amyloplasts.jpg

  18. Who else has a circular chromosome not found within a nucleus?

  19. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Margulis Endosymbiotic Theory • Originally proposed in early 1900’s • Idea reintroduced in 1963 by Lynn Margulis • Suggests that engulfed prokaryotes sharedsymbiotic relationship with host cell • Advantages for both: ~ one supplies energy ~ other raw materials & protection

  20. ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY See a movie about ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Endosymbiosis_theory.gif

  21. Evidence for Endosymbiotic theory 1. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have circular DNA like bacteria. 2. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have ribosomes whose size and structure resemble bacterial ribosomes. 3. Mitochondria and chloroplasts replicate independently of cell division using binary fission like bacteria. 4. Inner membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts have a composition similar to bacterial membranes.

  22. PEROXISOMES Other digestive enzyme sacsin both plants and animals NOT part of endomembrane system(proteins come from cytosol) In fat storing seeds (called GLYOXYSOMES)Break down fatty acids → sugars transport to mitochondria for energy In LIVER CELLSHelp detoxify alcohol & other poisons PRODUCE HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (also a TOXIN)but have enzyme (CATALASE) to break this down H2O2 → H2O + O2

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