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General Otis’s and MacArthur Elements of Operational Art

EOA 7: Philippines 1900-1902. General Otis’s and MacArthur Elements of Operational Art End state: Benevolent assimilation and American imperialism

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General Otis’s and MacArthur Elements of Operational Art

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  1. EOA 7: Philippines 1900-1902 General Otis’s and MacArthur Elements of Operational Art End state: Benevolent assimilation and American imperialism Condition: Japan joins the Great Powers and seeks to span their imperialism into the south pacific (S); Annexation of the Philippine Islands and progressivism ideology (P); isolation and naval blockade of the Philippines (M). COG: PH 1:Aguinaldo (S), Army of Liberation (O); PH 2: Pacification (S); Destruction of Aguinaldo’s insurrectos means/ways (O). OP Approach: Direct, offensive movement using the element of surprise and dominance. Decisive Points: DP1- destruction of his conventional forces; DP2- collapse of Aguinaldo government; DP3- capture of Aguinaldo; DP4- changing the OP approach (declaration of martial law/GO) Basing: Central Luzon, Manila LOO/LOE: 3 pronged attack designed to capture Aguinaldo and his men before they could escape into the mountains of northern Luzon. OP Reach: Limited to the island that the battle/campaigns, reliance on the Navy to transport supplies and personnel between islands Tempo: Initial objectives (conventional warfare) achieved surprise and dominance but the counter-guerrilla effort and subsequent tempo varied from region. Simultaneity/Depth: Establishing local police force; civil governance; Phasing/Transitions: Mobilization/Training, conventional war, guerilla warfare in concert with pacification. Culmination: Unable to achieve desire effects fighting a conventional force; re-deployment the initial volunteers; weather Risk: Seasonal (weather) and geographical -Monsoon season: soldiers confined to the immediate vicinity of their garrison -Terrain: mountains/jungles reduce the size and duration of patrols Theorist Synthesis: Govern ungoverned space; control the population -Trinquier, Clausewitz, Kalvais: Timeline: Philippine-American War, 1898-1902 1 May 1898: Commodore George Dewey launched naval attacked 12 June 1898: Emilio Aguinaldo issued a declaration of independence 10 December 1898: Treaty of Paris, ending the Spanish-American War 4 February 1899: Private Willie Grayson shot and killed a Filipino 13 November 1899: Aguinaldo dissolved the Army of Liberation, conventional war ends 20 December 1900: Gen Arthur MacArthur declared marital law and issued General Orders 100 23 March 1901: Aguinaldo is captured 19 April 1901: Aguinaldo issued a proclamation accepting American sovereignty 24 June 1901: Cailles surrenders 11 August 1901: Balangiga Massacre on the island of Samar 1 December 1901-30 April 1902: Pacification Campaign in Southwest Luzon 4 July 1902: President Theodore Roosevelt proclaimed Philippine Insurgency has ended.

  2. EOA 7: Philippines 1900-1902 General Aguinaldo’s Elements of Operational Art End state: Philippine independence/sovereignty Condition (P/M): Army of Liberation defeated the Spanish at the Battle of Manila Bay (M); independence declared and government (Philippine republic) established (P) COG: PH 1:American social/political will (S), Army (O); PH 2: American social/political will (S), control of population (O) OP Approach: Make the war less palatable and costly (time, money, lives) that US withdraws. Decisive Points: DP1- Treaty of Paris ratification; DP2- destruction of his conventional forces; DP3- capture of Aguinaldo Basing: Aguinaldo’s insurrectos/revolutionaries operated in and around barrios LOO/LOE: Full-time guerrillas conducted attacks against US lines of communication with local militia support OP Reach: PH1- limited to Luzon Island; PH2-Aguinaldo’s could no longer influence subordinate commanders throughout the archipelago Tempo: PH1-unable to match US superiority or exploit pockets of success; PH2-Regionally orientated; Simultaneity/Depth: Aguinaldo’s insurrectos/revolutionaries operated in and around barrios Phasing/Transitions: PH1- Conventional war; PH2- guerilla warfare. Culmination: PH1- Unable launch successful attacks against US; PH2-Unable to receive local support, supplies and loss of weapons. Risk: Decentralization and autonomous subordinates -Unable to consolidate/coordinate offensive across the archipelagos; Theorist Synthesis: People in arms; -Mao Tse Tung, Clausewitz: Timeline: Philippine-American War, 1898-1902 1 May 1898: Commodore George Dewey launched naval attacked 12 June 1898: Emilio Aguinaldo issued a declaration of independence 10 December 1898: Treaty of Paris, ending the Spanish-American War 4 February 1899: Private Willie Grayson shot and killed a Filipino 13 November 1899: Aguinaldo dissolved the Army of Liberation, conventional war ends 20 December 1900: Gen Arthur MacArthur declared marital law and issued General Orders 100 23 March 1901: Aguinaldo is captured 19 April 1901: Aguinaldo issued a proclamation accepting American sovereignty 24 June 1901: Cailles surrenders 11 August 1901: Balangiga Massacre on the island of Samar 1 December 1901-30 April 1902: Pacification Campaign in Southwest Luzon 4 July 1902: President Theodore Roosevelt proclaimed Philippine Insurgency has ended.

  3. EOA 7: Philippines 1900-1902 General Franklin Bell’s Elements of Operational Art End state: Force insurgents and those who support them to capitulate to American sovereignty and peace. Condition (P/M): Stateside pressure to end the Philippine war (P); deceleration of martial law and GO 100 (M). COG: General Trias (S), principales, presidentes & ilustrados (O) OP Approach: Counter-guerrilla operations; centralized and regional intelligence centers; isolation (concentration) Decisive Points: Destruction of guerillas base of operations and logistics in Batangas, northern Lipa, and Batangas-Tayabas boundary. Basing: Lake Taal and Lipa LOO/LOE: Small unit patrols; isolate barrios OP Reach: Southern Luzon Tempo: Bell’s brigade relentlessly pursued Trias and his lieutenant throughout the province Simultaneity/Depth: Bell was able to maintain tempo while simultaneously executing a pacification campaign Phasing/Transitions: Clear western Batangas, follow by mountains north of Lipa, commencing with Batangas-Tayabas boundary. Culmination:Soldiers (manpower) prevented Bell from culminating. Risk: Health of soldiers during monsoon season; time to successfully complete the pacification campaign. Theorist Synthesis: Govern ungoverned space; control the population; integration of positive and negative feedback into barrios. -Trinquier, Clausewitz, Kalvais, Naveh 2 1 3 Third Separate Brigade, Department of North Philippines. Timeline: Third Separate Brigade Pacification Campaign in Southern Luzon 1 December 1901-30 April 1902: Pacification Campaign in Southwest Luzon 1 January 1902: Counter-guerrilla operations begin 16 April 1902: Malvar surrendered 6 May 1902: Malvar issued last manifesto 23 June 1902: Batangas province transferred from military to civilian government 4 July 1902: President Theodore Roosevelt proclaimed Philippine Insurgency has ended. 1

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