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Mgmt 445: Organizational Design and Change

Mgmt 445: Organizational Design and Change. Personal Change Project Target & Justification Alternate Goal Information Topics Helping-Hindering Forces Action Steps Evaluation. Outline. Theories/Models of Behavior Change trying to understand change

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Mgmt 445: Organizational Design and Change

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  1. Mgmt 445: Organizational Design and Change • Personal Change Project • Target & Justification • Alternate Goal • Information • Topics • Helping-Hindering Forces • Action Steps • Evaluation

  2. Outline • Theories/Models of Behavior Change • trying to understand change • Characteristics of Effective Goals • S.M.A.R.T. • Exercise Prescription • F.I.T.T. Principle • Nutritional Considerations

  3. Theories and Models • Health Belief Model • Transtheoretical Model • Relapse Prevention Model • Theory of Reasoned Action • Theory of Planned Behavior • Social Learning/Social Cognitive Theory • Social Support • Ecological Approaches

  4. Health Belief Model • Four Critical Areas: • severity of potential illness • person’s susceptibility to that illness • benefits of taking preventive action • barriers to taking action • Self-efficacy • Cues to action

  5. Transtheoretical Model • 5 Stages (continuum) • “readiness to change” • 1) Precontemplation • 2) Contemplation • 3) Preparation • 4) Action • 5) Maintenance

  6. Relapse Prevention Model • Anticipation of problems with adherence • neg. emotional or physiological states • limited coping skills • social pressure • interpersonal conflict • limited social support • low motivation • high-risk situations • stress

  7. Theory of Reasoned Action/Theory of Planned Behavior • Behavior determined by person’s intention • attitude toward the behavior • influence of social environment • Theory of Planned Behavior • adds perceived control • opportunities, resources, skills

  8. Social Learning/Social Cognitive Theory • Change affected by • environmental influences • personal factors • attributes of the behavior itself • Self-efficacy (belief in capability) • Incentive to perform behavior (“+” > “-”) • Person must value outcomes/consequences

  9. Social Support • Conceptualization/Measurement of Support • Instrumental • giving non-driver a ride to class • Informational • telling someone about a program • Emotional • phone call follow-up • Appraising • providing feedback/reinforcement

  10. Ecological Approaches • Sociocultural and Environmental Influences • supportive environments • bike paths, parks, policy • Multiple levels • individual, organizational, governmental • Multiple settings • schools, worksites, health care • institutions, communities

  11. S.M.A.R.T. • Specific • Measurable • Attainable • Relevant • Time-based • positive; realistic; performance-oriented vs. outcome-oriented

  12. Short-Term and Long-Term • Short-Term • help you stay on track • makes task seem easier • builds confidence • Long-Term • planning important • write it down • revisit, review, revise

  13. Exercise Prescription • “F.I.T.T.” Principle • Frequency • how often? • Intensity • how hard? • Time • how long? • Type (mode) • what kind?

  14. Exercise Prescription • What is your goal? • aerobic fitness • competition, health • weight management • appearance, health • Is there a difference? • frequency • intensity • duration • mode (type)

  15. Frequency • Aerobic Fitness • 3 sessions/week • Weight Management • 5-7 sessions/week • variety • “accumulation”

  16. Intensity • Aerobic Fitness • 50-80% VO2max • 60-90% maximal heart rate • Weight Management • lower is better? • “fat burning zone” • total caloric expenditure • regularity

  17. Duration • Aerobic Fitness • 20-30 minutes/bout • depends on purpose • competition • Weight Management • 45-60 minutes/bout • total caloric expenditure important

  18. Type (Mode) • Aerobic Fitness • specificity • running • cycling • Weight Management • large-muscle activities • weight-bearing • enjoyable

  19. Nutritional Considerations • Nutritional Intake • quantity and quality • food pyramids • energy needs • Fads/Gimmicks/Quackery • “diets” • supplements

  20. Intake vs. Expenditure • Intake • diet • Expenditure • basal metabolic rate • (resting metabolic rate) • physical activity • most variable component

  21. Estimating Resting Metabolic Rate • Males • RMR (kcal/d) = 88.362 + [4.799 x (ht)] + [13.397 x (kg)] – [5.677 x (age)] • Amer J Clin Nutr, 40: 168-182, 1984 • Females • RMR (kcal/d) = 447.593 + [3.098 x (ht)] + [9.247 x (kg)] – [4.330 x (age)] • Amer J Clin Nutr, 40: 168-182, 1984 • Note: kg = bodyweight in kg; ht = height in cm; age = age in years

  22. Estimating Resting Metabolic Rate • World Health Organization Equations • Age RangeEquationSD • Males • 18-30 679 + [15.3 x (kg)] 151 • 30-60 879 + [11.6 x (kg)] 164 • >60 487 + [13.5 x (kg)] 148 • Females • 18-30 496 + [14.7 x (kg)] 121 • 30-60 829 + [8.7 x (kg)] 108 • >60 596 + [10.5 x (kg)] 108 • Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation. Energy and Protein Requirements. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1985.

  23. Gary R. Brodowicz, Ph.D. • Professor • School of Community Health • 503.725.5119 • brodowiczg@pdx.edu • ON TRAC • 503.725.5128 • Exercise Physiology Laboratory • 260 Urban Center Building

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