Genetics

1. Genetics Chapter 11

2. History of Genetics • Gregor Mendel 1822-1884 • “Father of genetics” • a monk who studied inheritance traits in pea plans • worked with pea plants in the monastery garden

3. What Mendel noticed about his pea plants: • Pea plants reproduced sexually- with male and female gametes • Plants could self-pollinate and short plants bred short plants and tall plants bred tall plants. • He studied the following traits: seed color, pod shape, plant height, etc.

4. Mendel’s Crosses • Mendel bred plants with different traits and studied the offspring. • original parents are the P generation. • offspring were the F1 (daughter/son) generation

5. Mendel’s conclusions • Law of Inheritance • Traits are controlled by pairs of genes- with one member of each pair coming from each parent • Law of dominance • some alleles are dominant and other are recessive. • Dominant – expressed • Recessive – present but not expressed

6. Mendel’s Laws Continued • Law of Segregation and Recombination • During gamete formation two chromosomes separate • Each gamete contains one allele for each trait • Law of Independent Assortment • Traits are inherited independently of each other

7. Key Terms • Gene • Sections of giant DNA molecules found in chromosomes • Are the units of heredity • Allele • Alternative genes for trait • Example: Height: Tall or Short; Eyes: Brown or Blue; Cheeks: Dimple or No Dimple; Hair Line: Widows or Straight

8. D/R • Each gene has two possible alleles • Dominant- always expressed • Recessive- always hidden by a dominant allele. • Example: Dimpled chin (cleft chin) • D= dimpled d= non-dimpled

9. More terms: • Homozygous / Pure • having 2 of the same alleles • example: DD – homozygous dominant dd – homozygous recessive • Heterozygous / Hybrid • having 2 different alleles ex: Dd • Phenotype • physical characteristic ex: dimpled chin • Genotype • genetic make up ex: DD

10. Punnett Square • Used to predict the possible offspring of a couple. • Gives the probability of the mating- not the actual outcome

11. Punnett Square Rules • Define traits, assign symbols • Determine the parental genotypes • Set up Punnett square • Work it out • List the genotype probability • List the phenotype probability

12. Practice • In humans a widow’s peak is dominant over a straight hairline. A man who is heterozygous for widow’s peak married a woman without a widow’s peak. Predict the genotype and phenotype of the offspring:

13. In humans, the ability to tongue roll is dominant over not being able to tongue roll. Cross a heterozygous man with a non-rolling woman. List the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring.

14. In humans, brown eyes are dominant over blue eyes. Cross a homozygous dominant man with a blue eyed woman. List the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring.

15. In guinea pigs, black hair is dominant over brown hair. Cross two guinea pigs that are heterozygous for black hair. What are the chances their offspring would have brown hair?

16. Intermediate Inheritance • Incomplete Dominance • a type of heredity in which the hybrid is an intermediate between the pure dominant and recessive parents. (Blending of trait) Example • Co-dominance • expression of two dominant alleles (spots, strips, etc) Example

17. Example of Incomplete Dominance • A Japanese 4 o’clock flower can be red, white, or pink. Pink is the result of the mixture of red and white. Cross two pink flowers. List their genotypes and phenotypes. RR = Red WW = White RW = Pink

18. Example of Co-dominance • Shorthorn cattle can have one of three color coats. Their coats can be red, white or roan. Roan is patches of red and white hairs. Cross a roan bull with a red cow. CRCR = Red Hair CWCW = White Hair CRCW = Roan

19. Multiple Alleles • some traits have more than one allele, but a single individual cannot have more than two genes for a each trait • Example: Human Blood Type • Type A • Type B • Type AB • Type O

20. Can you Write out the Key? • Type A and B are co-dominant • Type O is recessive

21. Blood Type Key

22. Practice: Multiple Alleles • The ABO blood group system in humans is an example of multiple alleles. Cross a heterozygous type A male with a heterozygous type B female. Record the possible genotypes and phenotypes.

23. Cross a person with type AB blood and a person who is heterozygous for type B blood. What are the chances the child will have type A blood?

24. What must the genotypes of a parent with type A blood and a parent with type B blood be if they have a child with type O blood?

25. Sex Linked Traits • Sex Determination • Female: XX • Male: XY • The sperm cell determines the sex of the child • Sex Linked Trait • The gene found only on the X or Y chromosome • Males tend to be more vulnerable to sex-linked genetic disorders because most disorders occur on the X chromosome

26. Practice: Sex Linked Traits • In humans, hemophilia is a sex linked trait.   Females can be normal, carriers, or have the disease.  Males will either have the disease or not (but they won’t ever be carriers). Cross a male with hemophilia with a carrier female. List genotypes and phenotypes.