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Levels of Organization An Intro to Anatomy
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1. Anatomy & PhysiologyBiology 141 Fall 2007Roberta Brashear-Kaulfers Syllabus distribution
Class Cards
Website info:
http://hawaii.hawaii.edu/brashear
2. Levels of OrganizationAn Intro to Anatomy & Physiology Objective: define terms and describe specialties of each
Biology- study of life
Anatomy- study of internal and external structures and relationship among parts
Physiology-study of functions of body
Relationship between A & P:
*All functions are performed by specific structures
3. 2 Main Groups of Anatomy:#1 Gross Anatomy Macroscopic, large structures visible with unaided eye
5 types:
1) surface anatomy-
2) regional -
3) systemic –
4) developmental-
5) clinical-
4. #2 Microscopic Anatomy Microscopic-need microscope to visualize
1) Cytology- internal structures of cells
2) Histology- examine tissues,groups of specialized cells that form organs
5. Physiology-study of function Specialties:
1) Cell physiology- function of cells, chemical and molecular
2) Special- specific organs
3) Systemic- specific organ systems
4) pathological- effects of disease on organ functions
Physicians use all of these to evaluate
6. Levels of Organization 1) chemical/molecular- atoms & molecules
2) Cellular –cells
3) Tissue – tissues
4) Organ- 2 or more tissues form an organ
5) Organ system- 11 of them
6) Organism- total human
7) Population 8) Community
9) Ecosystem 10) Biosphere
7. Organ Systems 1) Integumentary-
2) Muscular-
3) Endocrine-
4) Lymphatic-
5) Digestive-
6) Skeletal-
8. Organ Systems 7) Nervous-
8) Cardiovascular-
9) Respiratory-
10)Urinary-
11) Reproductive (male)-
11) Reproductive (female)
9. Homeostasis Maintain a stable internal balance,
1) Autoregulation-intrinsic, adjusts to some environmental change
2) Extrinsic- nervous or endocrine (exercise), very specific reaction
Reaction needs:
1) receptor/stimulus
2) control center/integration
3) effector cell/organ that responds
10. Homeostasis Negative feedback- response causes a negative feedback and blocks stimulus so the reaction shuts down and stabilizes
Positive feedback- initial stimulus produces a response that enhances the condition
Eventual state of Equilibrium, when opposing forces are in balance
11. Frames of ReferenceSuperficial Anatomy Anatomical Landmarks: locations p 16
anatomical position- stand with hands down, palms facing forward, feet together
1) anterior- front
2) posterior- back
3) supine- lay down face up
4) prone- lay down face down
12. Anatomical Regions Anatomical Regions-
4 Abdominopelvic quadrants:
1) Rt upper quadrant-
2) Lt upper quadrant-
3) Rt lower quadrant-
4) Lt lower quadrant-
9 abdominopelvic regions- pg 17
13. Anatomical Directions Posterior- dorsal
Anterior- ventral
Cranial- top/head
Caudal- bottom/feet
Proximal- close to body
Distal- away from body
14. Sectional Anatomy -3”D” slices Sectional plane-
Transverse plane-
Frontal plane-
Sagittal plane-
Body Cavities-
1) protect organs and cushion them
2) permit changes in size/shape of internal organs
15. Body Cavities and Viscera Ventral body cavity- coelom /diaphragm
seperates the superior thoracic cavity from
inferior abdominopelvic cavity
Viscera-organs covered with serous membrane
2 layers between organ and cavity are: parietal layer and visceral layer
16. Thoracic Cavity Lungs, heart = respiratory, cardio, lymph, esophagus and thymus
Left and right pleural cavity separated by mediastinum-connective tissue that stabilizes and supports esophagus, trachea, thymus, blood vessels
Pericardial cavity- surround heart
17. Abdominopelvic Cavity Diaphragm to the pelvis
Abdominal (superior)- liver, spleen, small intestine, stomach, most of large intestine, kidney and pancreas
Pelvic (inferior)- large intestine, urinart bladder, reproductive organs
Areas separated by peritonuem- parietal and visceral
18. Assignments Chapter 1 page 25 review questions