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Cisco CCNA Semester 1 Chapter 5 v3.0

Cabling LANS and WANS. Cisco CCNA Semester 1 Chapter 5 v3.0. Presented by: Terren L. Bichard. Symbols Used for Types of LANS. Physical Layer Implementations That Can Be Deployed to Support Ethernet. Ethernet. Most widely used LAN technology First implemented by Digital, Intel & Xerox DIX

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Cisco CCNA Semester 1 Chapter 5 v3.0

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  1. Cabling LANS and WANS Cisco CCNASemester 1Chapter 5v3.0 Presented by: Terren L. Bichard

  2. Symbols Used for Types of LANS

  3. Physical Layer Implementations That Can Be Deployed to Support Ethernet

  4. Ethernet • Most widely used LAN technology • First implemented by Digital, Intel & Xerox • DIX • Technology later used by IEEE to develop IEEE 802.3 • Later extended to: • 802.3u – Fast Ethernet • 802.3z – Gigabit Ethernet over Fiber • 802.3ab – Gigabit Ethernet over UTP

  5. Ethernet Implementations

  6. Ethernet • Items to consider before installing a network. • Media and connector requirements • Level of performance needed on the network

  7. Media and Connector Requirements • Cable and connector specifications are defined by EIA/TIA-568 (SP-2840) • Commercial Building Telecommunications Wiring Standards

  8. Media Specifications

  9. Connector Types • AUI • Attachment User Interface • Needs Transceiver to connect different cables • BNC • British Naval Connector • RJ-45 • Registered Jack • Fiber

  10. UTP Implementation • RJ-45 connector specified by EIA/TIA • RJ = Real Jack • 45 refers to a specific wiring sequence • Four of the wires carry the voltage and are considered “tip” (T1 through T4). The other four wires are grounded and are called “ring” (R1 through R4). • Male connector

  11. RJ-45 Plug Pins 8 through 1 (Orange/white wire is pin 1)

  12. RJ-45 Jack • RJ-45 Jack • Female • Wall outlet • Patch panel Do Lab 5.1.5

  13. EIA/TIA 568-A Used in Vertical Wiring. (From closet to closet)

  14. EIA/TIA 568-B Used in Horizontal Wiring. (Closet to workstation)

  15. Cable Pin-outs Straight-through cable Cross-over cable Roll-over cable

  16. Type of Cable to Use

  17. Repeaters • Usually only 2 ports • Regenerates and retimes the signal and passes it on. • Example: • Indian smoke signals • Four repeater rule • No more than four repeaters can be used between hosts on a LAN.

  18. Hubs • Multi-port Repeaters • 4 to 24 ports • Regenerates and retimes signals • Three basic types of hubs • Passive • Active • Intelligent • Hubs and Repeaters are layer 1 devices.

  19. Passive Hubs • A passive hub serves as a physical connection point only. • It does not manipulate or view the traffic that crosses it. • It does not boost or clean the signal. • A passive hub is used only to share the physical media. • Does not need electrical power.

  20. Active Hubs • An active hub must be plugged into an electrical outlet • It needs power to amplify the incoming signal before passing it out to the other ports.

  21. Intelligent Hubs • Intelligent hubs are sometimes called smart hubs. • Basically function as active hubs, but also include a microprocessor chip and diagnostic capabilities. • Intelligent hubs are more expensive than active hubs, but are useful in troubleshooting situations.

  22. Hubs (cont.) • Hubs forward all packets to all ports • Only the host with the appropriate MAC address will open the packet. • More hubs on a network • More collisions • Sometimes hubs are called concentrators, because hubs serve as a central connection or “concentration” point for an Ethernet LAN. • Lab 5.1.7

  23. Wireless LANS • Less Cabling than wired LANS • Wireless networks use: • Radio Frequency (RF) • Laser • Infrared (IR) • Satellite/microwaves

  24. Wireless Devices • Transmitter • converts source data to electromagnetic (EM) waves that are passed to the receiver. • Receiver • The receiver then converts these electromagnetic waves back into data for the destination. • Both Transmitter and Receiver needed for each wireless host.

  25. Most Common Wireless Technologies • IR – Infrared • Workstations and digital devices must be in the line of sight of the transmitter in order to operate. • Signal weakened by people obstructing line of sight. • RF – Radio Frequency • Devices can be in different rooms or buildings • limited range of radio signals restricts the use of this kind of network

  26. RF – Radio Frequency (cont.) • Can be on single or multiple frequencies. • A single radio frequency is subject to outside interference and geographic obstructions. • A single frequency is easily monitored by others, which makes the transmissions of data insecure. • Spread spectrum avoids the problem of insecure data transmission by using multiple frequencies to increase the immunity to noise and to make it difficult for outsiders to intercept data transmissions.

  27. Bridges • Devices that are used to connect network segments: • Bridges • Switches • Routers • Gateways • Switches and bridges operate at the Data Link layer of the OSI model. • Function of the bridge • make intelligent decisions about whether or not to pass signals on to the next segment of a network.

  28. Bridges (cont.) • When a bridge receives a frame on the network, the destination MAC address is looked up in the bridge table to determine whether to filter, flood, or copy the frame onto another segment. • This decision process occurs as follows: • If the destination device is on the same segment as the frame, the bridge blocks the frame from going on to other segments. • filtering.

  29. Bridges (Cont.) • If the destination device is on a different segment, the bridge forwards (copies) the frame to the appropriate segment. • If the destination address is unknown to the bridge, the bridge forwards the frame to all segments except the one on which it was received. • Known as flooding.

  30. Switches • Multi-port bridge • Bridges usually have 2 ports. • Switches have multiple ports. • Switches and Bridges learn information about the network. • Forwarding Tables (Switching Tables) • Switches and Bridges use MAC addresses

  31. Switches • Faster than Bridges • Can support VLANS • Creates multiple collision domains • Increases Bandwidth • Creates a virtual circuit between the sending and receiving hosts. • Virtually no collisions • Lab 5.1.10

  32. NIC (Network Interface Card) • Printed circuit board that fits into the expansion slot on the motherboard or peripheral device of a computer • Connects a host device to the network medium • Layer 2 device • Use MAC addresses

  33. NIC (Network Interface Card)

  34. Peer-to-peer Networks • Networked computers act as equal partners • Each host serves as a client and server • individual users control their own resources • When a computer acts as a server, the user of that machine may experience reduced performance as the machine serves the requests made by other systems. • No central point of control or administration in the network • 10 or less hosts on a PTP network • Lab 5.1.12

  35. Client/Server Network • Dedicated Server • No user • File Server • Printer Server • Application Server • DNS Server • Email Server • Web Server

  36. Client/Server Networks • Client must be authorized to used server • Username and password

  37. Advantages

  38. Disadvantages

  39. Cabling WANS • Physical layer implementations vary depending on: • The distance of the equipment from the services • The speed, and the type of service. • Serial connections are used to support WAN services such as dedicated leased lines that run Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) or Frame Relay. • The speed of these connections ranges from 2400 bits per second (bps) to T1 service at 1.544 megabits per second (Mbps) and E1 service at 2.048 megabits per seconds (Mbps).

  40. ISDN • ISDN offers: • dial-on-demand connections • dial backup services • ISDN Basic Rate Interface (BRI) • two 64 kbps bearer channels (B channels) • for data • one delta channel (D channel) at 16 kbps • used for signaling and other link-management tasks. • PPP is typically used to carry data over the B channels.

  41. WAN Physical Layer

  42. WAN Serial Connections • WANs use serial transmission. • Bits of data are sent over a single channel. • Provides more reliable long distance communication • Provides the use of a specific electromagnetic or optical frequency range.

  43. Frequency • Frequencies are measured in terms of cycles per second and expressed in Hertz (Hz). • Signals transmitted over voice grade telephone lines use 4 kilohertz (kHz). • The size of the frequency range is referred to as bandwidth. • In networking, bandwidth is a measure of the bits per second that are transmitted.

  44. Connectivity • If the connection is made directly to a service provider, or a device that provides signal clocking such as a channel/data service unit (CSU/DSU), the router will be a data terminal equipment (DTE) and use a DTE serial cable. • There are occasions where the local router is required to provide the clocking rate and therefore will use a data communications equipment (DCE) cable. • In the curriculum router labs, one of the connected routers will need to provide the clocking function. Therefore, the connection will consist of a DCE and a DTE cable.

  45. Routers and Serial Connections • Routers are responsible for routing data packets from source to destination within the LAN • for providing connectivity to the WAN. • Within a LAN environment the router contains broadcasts, provides local address resolution services, such as ARP and RARP, and may segment the network using a subnetwork structure. • In order to provide these services the router must be connected to the LAN and WAN.

  46. DTEs & DCEs • In addition to determining the cable type, it is necessary to determine whether DTE or DCE connectors are required. • DTE is the endpoint of the user’s device on the WAN link. • Usually a Router • The DCE is typically the point where responsibility for delivering data passes into the hands of the service provider. • CSU/DSU

  47. When connecting directly to a service provider, or to a device such as a CSU/DSU that will perform signal clocking, the router is a DTE. • a DTE serial cable is needed. • This is typically the case for routers. • There are cases when the router will need to be the DCE. • When performing a back-to-back router scenario in a test environment, one of the routers will be a DTE and the other will be a DCE.

  48. Serial Connectivity • When cabling routers for serial connectivity, the routers will either have fixed or modular ports. • The type of port being used will affect the syntax used later to configure each interface. • Interfaces on routers with fixed serial ports are labeled for port type and port number

  49. Router Interfaces • Interfaces on routers with modular serial ports are labeled for: • port type • Slot • port number • The slot is the location of the module. • To configure a port on a modular card • necessary to specify the interface using the syntax “port type slot number/port number.” Use the label “serial 1/0,” when the interface is serial, the slot number where the module is installed is slot 1, and the port that is being referenced is port 0. • Do Labs 5.2.3a and 5.2.3b

  50. Routers & ISDN BRI connections • With ISDN BRI two types of connections may be used. • BRI S/T • BRI U • Determine who is providing the Network Termination 1 (NT1) device in order to determine which interface type is needed.

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