Landforms, Water, and Natural Resources

1. Landforms, Water, and Natural Resources Preview Section 1:Landforms Section 2:The Hydrosphere Section 3:Natural Resources Chapter Wrap-Up

2. Section 1: Landforms Read to Discover • What physical processes inside Earth built up the land? • What physical processes on Earth’s surface wear down the land? • How do these physical processes interact to create landforms?

3. Section 1: Landforms Plate Tectonics Earth’s crust is made up of moving plates, which spread, collide, and slide laterally past one another. • Spreading plates form oceanic ridges undersea and rift valleys on land. • Colliding plates cause trenches and volcanoes undersea and mountains on land. • Plates sliding laterally cause fractures and earthquakes.

4. Section 1: Landforms Question By which processes do weathering and erosion wear down the land?

5. Section 1: Landforms Forces on Earth’s Surface Weathering and erosion shape the land. • Weathering—Slow and hard to detect; includes chemical and physical processes • Erosion—Movement of surface material by water, wind, and ice; wears down land

6. Erosion Weathering Physical Processes • Heating and cooling • Freezing and thawing • Tree roots Chemical Processes • Substances in air and water Water • Rainfall • Rivers • Waves Wind • Abrasion • Move from one place to another Ice • Glaciers Section 1: Landforms Weathering and Erosion

7. Section 1: Landforms Tectonics and Surface Forces Interact • Landforms are created through a combination of forces. • For example, a mountain range is formed by tectonics and then weathered and eroded to create valleys, alluvial fans, deltas, and other landforms.

8. Section 2: The Hydrosphere Read to Discover • In what forms and where do we find water on Earth? • What are the causes and effects of floods?

9. Section 2: The Hydrosphere Forms of Water • Saltwater—97 percent of world’s water • Freshwater—most frozen in ice caps; less than 1 percent in vapor and liquid form Where Liquid Freshwater Is Found: • Surface Water—in headwaters, tributaries, rivers, lakes, estuaries, wetlands • Groundwater—stored in soil and water table

10. Section 2: The Hydrosphere Question What roles do evaporation, condensation, and precipitation play in the hydrologic cycle?

11. Condensation: As water vapor rises, it forms droplets. Precipitation: Droplets may become heavy enough to fall as rain, snow, or hail. Evaporation: Energy transforms water into vapor. Surface Water Section 2: The Hydrosphere

12. Section 2: The Hydrosphere • Causes—Rivers carrying more water than the stream channels can hold; heavy rains, sudden snow melts; human activity may contribute • Effects—Erosion, loss of vegetation and livestock, death, spread of disease, and property destruction Floods

13. Section 3: Natural Resources Read to Discover • Why are soil and forests important resources? • What are the concerns about water quality and air quality? • What are some of the ways minerals are used? • What are the main energy resources, and how are they used?

14. Section 3: Natural Resources • Soil and forests are renewable resources. Natural processes continuously replace them. • Soil is crucial for plant life and production of food for humans and for other animals. • Forests protect soil from erosion, provide species habitats, and yield useful products, such as wood, paper, food, medicines, oils, and rubber. Importance of Soil and Forests

15. Section 3: Natural Resources • Air Pollution—Threatens air supply; dangerous to health of humans, animals, and plants; creates acid rain, which can damage trees and kill fish; damages the ozone layer, which absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation; may contribute to global warming • Water Pollution—Threatens clean water supply; contributes to shortages Air and Water Quality

16. Section 3: Natural Resources AIR POLLUTION Effects:Acid rain, whichcan damage trees and kill fish;ozone layer damage; threat to human health; may contribute to global warming Causes:Factories and automobiles burn chemicals, releasing smoke and fumes into the atmosphere.

17. Section 3: Natural Resources • Minerals are solid substances that come out of the ground, such as metals, rocks, and salt. • Minerals are used in many processes and products, including construction, jewelry, and manufacturing. • Items made from minerals include building materials, airplanes, cans, and glass. Examples: Quartz, limestone, aluminum, gold, gemstones Minerals

18. Section 3: Natural Resources Energy resources are nonrenewable and include fossil fuels—coal, natural gas, and petroleum—and uranium. Uses: • Uranium—Energy for nuclear power • Coal—Heat source; power for steam engines, mills, electricity generation; dye making • Petroleum—Lamp fuel; gasoline; diesel and heating fuel; asphalt; petrochemicals • Natural Gas—Home and industrial heating; fuel

19. Chapter Wrap-UpUnderstanding the Main Ideas • What are the three types of movements possible at plate boundaries? • What are the two physical processes that wear down landforms on Earth’s surface? • What process makes some inland lakes salty? • What are two short-term effects of air pollution? • What is a major drawback of using coal as an energy source?