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Problem Solving

Problem Solving. 8.2. Algorithms and Heuristics. Different problems must be approached in different ways – first we must identify the type of problem. Algorithms. When used properly will always lead you to the answer Formulas in math Figuring diameter of a circle Systematic Searches

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Problem Solving

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  1. Problem Solving 8.2

  2. Algorithms and Heuristics • Different problems must be approached in different ways – first we must identify the type of problem

  3. Algorithms • When used properly will always lead you to the answer • Formulas in math • Figuring diameter of a circle • Systematic Searches • Practicality

  4. Heuristics • Ha__ __ man • Around 300 possibilities! • Phone numbers • Heuristics – rules of thumb • Wheel of Fortune • Likelihood of letters • Heuristics are faster but less reliable

  5. Problem Solving Methods • Trial and Error • Difference Reduction • Problem A (Fig. 8-1) A Step Backward • Means-End Analysis • Certain things we can do (means) will have certain results (ends) • Break the problem into parts

  6. PSM • Working Backward • Identifying the goal first • Analogies • Archimedes and the crown – “Eureka!”

  7. 1.) BIRD : NEST ::  (A) dog : doghouse(B) squirrel : tree (C) beaver : dam (D) cat : litter box(E) book : library 2.) DALMATIAN : DOG :: (A) oriole : bird (B) horse : pony (C) shark : great white (D) ant : insect(E) stock : savings 3.) DOCTOR : HOSPITAL :: (A) sports fan : stadium (B) cow : farm (C) professor : college (D) criminal : jail(E) food : grocery store 4.) CUB : BEAR :: (A) piano : orchestra (B) puppy : dog (C) cat : kitten (D) eagle : predator(E) fork : utensil 5.) TENET : THEOLOGIAN :: (A) predecessor : heir (B) hypothesis : biologist (C) recluse : rivalry (D) arrogance : persecution(E) guitarist : rock band

  8. Answers • C • A • C • B • B

  9. Insight and Incubators • Insight – sudden understanding • Sometimes the answers reveal themselves to us without much conscious awareness • Light bulb Effect • Incubation Effect • Kohlers Chimps • Boxes, sticks, and bananas • Insight and jokes • Extreme problems and incubation

  10. Obstacles • Mental Set – our minds become fixed on a a solution process that has worked previously • Functional Fixedness – Think of objects in the way they are usually used

  11. Problem Solving and Creativity • Convergent Thinking – Narrowing of the mind to find the single best solution • Divergent Thinking – Associating freely to various elements, following “leads”

  12. ABCDE’s of Problem Solving • Assess • Brainstorm • Choose the approach • Do it • Evaluate

  13. Reasoning • Reasoning – using information to reach conclusions • Deductive Reasoning – The conclusion is true if the premises are true • Premise – Idea or statement that provides information that allows us to draw conclusions • Inductive Reasoning – We reason from individual cases or particular facts to reach a conclusion • Sometimes, said conclusion is wrong

  14. Inductive Reasoning • Confirmation Bias – we spend time trying to prove a hypotheses true, rather than false • Things must be looked at from different angles and approaches to be proven

  15. Decision Making • Weighing the pluses and minuses • Balance sheets of pros and cons • You must take your abilities into account

  16. Shortcuts • …just another word for heuristics, and I mean, seriously, who didn’t already know that? • You didn’t? Really? Did you read the section? You did? Are you sure? Yeah, I kind of thought so…or…I’m sorry you didn’t remember that part.

  17. Representativeness Heuristic • T/F Quiz • What represents a random sequence? • Making decisions about a sample based on the population that the sample appears to represent

  18. Availability Heuristic • Making decisions based on what is available to your immediate consciousness • Overestimations of the occurrence of events

  19. Anchoring Heuristic • Making decisions based on certain standards or ideas they hold • Common anchors – religion, politics • Making adjustments to anchors

  20. Framing Effect • How wording affects decision making • Lite v. Thin • Pro v. Anti

  21. Overconfidence • Why do people tend to be overconfident even when they are wrong?

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