Roots of Modern Science, Enlightenment, and Neoclassical Art

1. Bell WorkWednesday 2/25 Look in your book beginning on page 623 to find the answers • 1. What is the difference between the geocentric and heliocentric theory? • 2. What did Isaac Newton’s law of gravity explain? • 3. What are the main steps of the Scientific Method?

2. Enlightenment and Revolution Chapter 22

3. Section 1-The Scientific Revolution

4. The Roots of Modern Science • Geocentric Theory-The theory that the Earth was the center of the universe • Originally the idea came from Aristotle • The Greek astronomer Ptolemy expanded the theory in the second century

5. The Roots of Modern Science • Scientific Revolution-A new way of thinking about the natural world by replacing old assumptions with new theories

6. A Revolutionary Model of the Universe • Heliocentric Theory-Copernicus’s theory that the stars, Earth and the other planets revolved around the sun • He published this theory in his book: On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies in 1543

7. A Revolutionary Model of the Universe • Galileo Galilei-Italian Astronomer • Published Starry Messenger in 1610 • Wrote that Jupiter had four moons • The Sun had dark spots • The moon had a rough uneven surface • Disproved that the moon and stars were made of a perfect substance

8. The Scientific Method • The Scientific Method-A logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas • Step 1: Begins with a problem or question • Step 2: Form a hypothesis • Step 3: Test the hypothesis • Step 4: Analyze and interpret the data • Data confirms or disproves the hypothesis

9. Newton Explains the Law of Gravity • Isaac Newton- English scientist who developed the law of gravity • Theorized that the same physical laws of motion governed both the planets and objects on Earth

10. The Scientific Revolution Spreads • Important scientific inventions and discoveries • Microscope (1590) • First red blood cells are examined (1670) • Mercury barometer was invented (1643) • Measures atmospheric pressure and predicted weather • First thermometer is invented (1714)

11. The Scientific Revolution Spreads • Other important scientific inventions and discoveries • Studying human remains advances the study of anatomy • Late 1700’s small pox vaccine is created • The Sceptical Chymist (1661) by Boyle identified the worlds four main elements • Earth, Wind, Fire, Water

12. Bell WorkThursday 2/26 Look in your book beginning on page 629 to find the answers • 1. According to John Locke what are the natural rights people are born with? • 2. Who were the philosophes and what things did they advocate? • 3. What was the legacy of the Enlightenment?

13. Section 2-The Enlightenment in Europe

14. Setting the Stage • The Enlightenment- A new intellectual movement that stressed reason, thought and the power of individuals to solve problems

15. Two Views on Government • Social Contract-Thomas Hobbes theory that if people hand their rights to a strong ruler that they would recieve law and order • Ideally an absolute monarchy that could impose order and demand obedience

16. Two Views on Government • John Locke’s Natural Rights- • He believed that people were born free and equal with three main rights • Life, Liberty and Property • The purpose of government was to protect these rights • If the government fails the people have the right to overthrow it

17. The Philosophes Advocate Reason • Philosophes-Social critics in France during the mid-1700’s • They had five core beliefs • Reason • Nature • Happiness • Progress • Liberty

18. The Philosophes Advocate Reason • Voltaire- • Born François-Marie Arouet • Published more than 70 books in his life • Used satire against his enemies • Targeted the government, clergy, and aristocracy

19. The Philosophes Advocate Reason • Montesquieu-A French baron who devoted himself to the study of political liberty • His ideas about separation of power along with his theory of checks and balances became the basis for the U.S. Constitution

20. Women and the Enlightenment • Mary Wollstonecraft- • Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women • Felt that women just like men needed education to be virtuous and useful • Her daughter Mary Shelly wrote Frankenstein

21. Legacy of the Enlightenment • People became more accepting of progressive beliefs • Mainly scientific knowledge • New discoveries were made in chemistry, physics, biology, and mechanics • Religious beliefs were questioned and people developed more of a secular outlook on life • More emphasis was placed on the individual within a society

22. Bell WorkFriday 2/27 Look in your book beginning on page 636 to find the answers • 1. What were the defining aspects of neoclassical art? • 2. What new form of literature emerged during the 18th Century? • 3. Why were several 18th Century Europeans known as enlightened despots?

23. Section 3-The Enlightenment Spreads

24. A World of Ideas • Diderot’s Encyclopedia- • Dennis Diderot began publishing the 1st volumes in 1751 • They were a series of essays and article by the leading scholars in Europe • The French government and Catholic Church banned the books • Helped spread ideas during the Enlightenment throughout Europe

25. Diderot’s Encyclopedia

26. Diderot’s Encyclopedia

27. Diderot’s Encyclopedia

28. New Artistic Styles • Baroque-European art during the 1600s and early 1700s which was characterized by a grand ornate design • Neoclassical-A simple and elegant style of art that barrowed themes from classical Greek and Rome

29. Examples of Baroque Art

30. Examples of Baroque Art

31. Examples of Baroque Art

32. Examples of Neoclassical Art

33. Examples of Neoclassical Art

34. Examples of Neoclassical Art

35. New Artistic Styles • Classical Music-Lighter elegant style of music • Famous classical composers • Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven

36. Enlightenment and Monarchy • Enlightened Despots-“Absolute rulers” that embraced new ideas and made reforms that reflected the Enlightenment

37. Enlightenment and Monarchy • Frederick II- • a.k.a. Frederick the Great • Persian king who ruled from 1740-1786 • Enlightened Accomplishments: • Granted religious freedom • Reduced censorship • Improved education • Abolished torture

38. Enlightenment and Monarchy • Joseph II- • Ruled Austria from 1780 to 1790 • The most radical of the reformers • Enlightened Accomplishments: • Introduced legal reform • Allowed freedom of press • Supported freedom of worship • Abolished serfdom and ordered that peasants be paid for their labor

39. Enlightenment and Monarchy • Catherine the Great- • Ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796 • Read the works of the philosophes and corresponded with Voltaire • Enlightened Accomplishments: • Formed a commission to review Russia's laws • She was not able to accomplish her major reforms so she instituted more limited reforms

40. Enlightenment and Monarchy • Catherine the Great- • Following the serf uprising in 1773, she gave the nobles in Russia absolute control over the serfs • Serfs lost all traces of freedom • Her armies gained control of the northern shore of the Black Sea and expanded westward into Poland

41. Bell WorkMonday 3/2 Look in your book beginning on page 640 to find the answers Why did the colonists criticize the Stamp Act as “taxation without representation”? 2. How did John Locke’s notion of Hobb’s social contract theory influence the American colonists? 3. Why were the colonists able to achieve victory in the American Revolution?