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A Closer Look at Conception

Discover the intricate process of conception and genetic inheritance, from the formation of unique individuals to the role of genes and chromosomes. Learn how inherited traits, medical conditions, and even sex determination are governed by our genetic package. Explore the fascinating world of twins, infertility causes, and options available for infertile couples, from adoption to advanced reproductive technologies. Delve deeper into the mysteries of life's beginnings and the remarkable ways in which genes shape our existence.

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A Closer Look at Conception

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  1. A Closer Look at Conception

  2. Introduction: The Genetic Package • Each of us inherits many personal characteristics from our parents. • EX: physical build, skin color, hair color & texture, eye color & shape. • Just as personal traits can be passed on, so can medical conditions. • EX: asthma, diabetes, some cancers, cystic fibrosis

  3. Making A Unique Person • Each sperm & egg cell contains a different combination of genes. • Sperm: Male • Egg: Female • These cells combine during the fertilization process and produce a unique individual.

  4. Chromosomes • Tiny threadlike particles located in the nucleus of every cell. • Chromosomes are what make up our genetic package • 46 chromosomes = 23 pairs

  5. Genes • Each chromosome contains several genes. • Genes: the unit that determine the child's inherited characteristics. • Genes makeup chromosomes as beads make up a necklace. • For every inherited characteristic, a person receives 2 copies- 1 from mom and 1 from dad.

  6. Genes • If both inherited genes are the same- then the child will have that characteristic. • If they are different- the dominant gene will be expressed in the child. • Dominant: stronger gene • Recessive: weaker gene

  7. Let’s Understand Genes (eye color) B= Brown Dominant b= Blue recessive Dad (Bb) Mom (Bb) Child 1 Child 2 Child 3 Child 4 (BB) (Bb) (Bb) (bb)

  8. Determining Sex • The sex of a child is determined at conception. • Every egg cell contains an X chromosome. • Each sperm cell will contain either an X or a Y chromosome. • The sex of the child is determined by the chromosome carried by the sperm that fertilizes the egg. • XX= baby girl • XY= baby boy

  9. Multiple Births • Identical Twins: 1 egg divides in half soon after fertilization. Each half grows and divides. 1 Zygote (the egg and sperm combined) becomes 2. • Fraternal Twins: 2 eggs are released and both become fertilized Fraternal Identical

  10. Infertility • Infertile: inability to conceive a child. • There are many causes of infertility in both men and women. • Options for Infertile Couples: • Adoption- a couple legally takes on all responsibilities and rights for raising, loving, and caring for a child in need of a permanent home. • Artificial Insemination- doctor injects sperm into the uterus. Sperm may be the husband’s or from a donor.

  11. Infertility • More Options for Infertile Couples: • In Vitro Fertilization- Doctor combines a mature ovum from the woman with sperm from her husband. If the ovum becomes fertilized then the doctor places it in the uterus. • Ovum Transfer- Similar to In Vitro, except that the ovum is donated by another woman. It is fertilized in the laboratory and placed in the uterus. • Surrogate Mother- A surrogate mother is a substitute woman who becomes pregnant to have a baby for another woman.

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