The Role of AMICI in Building Large Research Infrastructures

1. On the significant role played by the AMICI European Technology Infrastructure for the development and build-up of the Large Research Infrastructures Report by theMembers of the AMICITask2.3 on “Sustainability” Tord Ekelof, Pierre Vedrine, Hans Weise and Maurizio Vretenar June 2019

2. TheAMICI EuropeanTechnologyInfrastructure

3. Manyofthecurrent TechnologicalFacilitiesinAMICI:CEA,CERN,CNRS, DESY,FREIA,IFJPAN, INFN,KIT, PSI andSTFCwerecreatedas High EnergyPhysics labswiththeirownacceleratorsandHigh Energy Physics user communities. ModernHighEnergyPhysicsis constantlyrequiring larger and largeracceleratorsand manyofthe former smallerHighEnergy Physics acceleratorshavebeen shutdown during the last few decades. During the same time several other sciences have also developed very large accelerator and magnet system based research infrastructures. The hostlaboratoriesofthesevery largeaccelerator based laboratories intheworldwillnothave enoughTechnical Platformcapacitytodevelop andbuildtheir ownfutureacceleratorandmagnet systems and theEuropean TechnologicalInfrastructuretherefore constitutesa necessary contributorto thetechnical developmentfor,andbuild-upof,the futureaccelerators and magnet systems for the large international and national infrastructuresfor research in High EnergyPhysics,Nuclear Physics,SynchrotronRadiation Science,Spallation Neutron Science, New Energy Sources, Environmental Research and others. Teststationsforscmagnetsand largecryogeniccomponentsatCEA Saclay

4. Aparticularlyillustrativeexampleofthe aboveisESS forwhichpracticallyallcomponentsofitsResearchInfrastructure currentlyarebeingbuilt upandtestedata largenumberofEuropean TechnologicalFacilities.Mats Lindroos, Headof the ESS Accelerator Division, has estimated the extra time and extra cost that would have been required for the ESS accelerator if one would have had to employ and train all the physicists, engineers and technicians needed for the build up on the ESS site in Lund the laboratory premises and technical infrastructure required for the design, prototyping, test and industrial ordering for the accelerator project. Mats Lindroos’ private conclusion is that this would have required about 7 additional years and about 77 MEUR additional funding, including the funds needed for the salary costs of the extra personnel, for its completion. The nominal total construction time and total nominal cost of the current ESS accelerator project is ca 12 years and ca 570 MEUR, respectively. LiquidheliumisproducedatCNRS IPNOrsay usinga commercial heliumliquefier

5. Froma census made bytheAMICITask2.3 amongthe 10AMICI Technological Facilities onemayconcludethatthere are three categories ofsuchFacilities: 1. TechnologicalFacilitiesinthe formofasinglelaboratorywithalarge accelerator facilityhavingawide researchusercommunity.The large acceleratorfacilityrequires a technicalprogramofdevelopment, productionandtestsofnew equipmentto bemaintainedinorderto keep the acceleratorfacilitycompetitive.Thistechnicalprograminthehost lab is usedto servealsoothermajorResearchInfrastructures. Labs inthiscategoryare:CERN,DESY,PSI, INFNFrascati andSTFCRAL. 2.TechnologicalFacilitiesintheformofnationalclustersofanumberof smallerlaboratorieswhichhave smalleraccelerator facilitiesmostlyfor accelerator and magnettechnologydevelopmentsandin somecasesfor researchandtestbeamswhichalso have,takentogether,amajorprogramof development,productionandtestsofequipmentforlarge Research Infrastructures.Labsinthiscategoryare some of the national laboratories of INFN,STFC and CNRS-IN2P3. TestbeamfacilityatIFJPAN

6. 3. T echnologicalFacilitiesintheformofasinglelaboratorywithno major researchacceleratorbutamajorprogramofdevelopment,productionand testsofequipmentforResearchInfrastructures.LabsinthiscategoryareLabsinthiscategoryare some of the national laboratories of INFN,STFC and CNRS-IN2P3, in particular CEA-Saclay, FREIA and IFJ PAN. Thesethreecategorieshavedifferentsustainabilityboundaryconditions. Onecleartendencyisthatthe Technological Facilitieshavinganaccelerator ResearchInfrastructurewithanassociatedscientificusercommunityhave lessproblemswithsustainabilityowingtothesupporttotheFacility providedbyitsacceleratorusercommunity. Atrialwas made toestimate throughthecensushowmuch governmentalsupportthe TechnologicalFacilityfunctionisreceiving.This however turned out to be too complex a goaltoachieve, inparticularforthefirstofthe threecategorieswhereitseems to be nearly impossibletoseparate thecostfor theoperationoftheownResearchFacilityfromthetaskofproviding development,productionandtestsofequipmentfortheownResearch Infrastructures,ontheonehand,andtootherResearchInfrastructures,on the other. Layoutofthe4magneticHadron CollectorHornswiththeir350‘000A pulsed currentsourcesfor ESSnuSB

7. The censusgavea picture ofhowtheco-operation betweenthe TechnologicalFacilitiesandthe ResearchInfrastructuresare regulated.As a rule,theco-operationagreement isinthe form ofa detailedwrittencontract.Normallythe TechnologicalFacilitywill demandtheResearchInfrastructure tocover thefull costsofallpurchased equipmentcomponents, industrial ordersand consumables neededforthe workat the ResearchInfrastructure and in some cases also for the personnel costs. On the otherhand,theResearchInfrastructure isnotaskedtopayfor rentalcosts, overheadsorfor the depreciation of existingtechnical infrastructureat the ResearchInfrastructure. There isalso noprovisionforaprofittobe made bytheTechnologicalFacility. As bothpartiestosuchanagreement arecontributingto thefinancing ofthe commonproject,theco-operationhas more acharacterofa collaboration of mutualinterestandbenefit thanthatofa commercial agreement. This isnatural as the TechnologicalFacility,likeanypublic researchinstitution,operatesasa public serviceinstitutionhavingits salary and premises costscoveredbypublicfundingand does notclaimexclusive IntellectualPropertiesrights for whatit produces.To achieve the samegoalsoperatingunderfullycommercial appears as impossible. Ion sourcefrom INFN Catania Beinginstalledat ESS

8. This newparadigmforhowthevery large newResearch Infrastructuresare developed,buildand maintainedin Europeis notwell knownby thegeneral public, who usuallyhave the understandingthat,e.g.,theCERNLHCandits upgrade,DESY'sXFELandESS's neutronspallationsource are build byCERN,XFELandESS,respectively, andthat is all.The extensiveand intensiveinterplayrequiredbetweenallthe EuropeanTechnologicalFacilitiesincollaboration with European High-Tech Industryis to a varyingdegreeunknownonthe political level.This impliesa problem formotivatingpublic supporttowards the operationcosts ofthe Technical Facilitiesandthus fortheir sustainability. Itisessentialforthe futureofEuropeanfundamentalscience,as wellas forthe developmentofEuropeanhigh-techindustry,that the newandimportant roleplayedbythe EuropeanTechnological Facilitiesbeunderstoodbythe national science andtechnology fundingsources suchthat the sustainabilityofthe Technical Facilities can beguaranteed C-bandacceleratingstructuresteststandatPSI

9. Oneexampleofthis situationisthat inSweden,where the FREIA Laboratorywascreatedin Uppsala asaTechnologicalFacilityin2012after the shut downofthe TSL national acceleratorlaboratorythere.The build-upand operationtillnowofFREIAwas made possiblebya one-offinitial investmentgrant ofca 23MEURprovideddirectlyfromthe Government, fromESS, from theUniversityand fromtheWallenbergFoundation. FREIAnowoperates asoneoftheTechnical FacilitiesinEurope,currently withprogramsoftestsofsuperconductingacceleratorcavitiesforESS and ofsuperconductingorbit corrector dipoles and crab cavities fortheCERNsHighLumi Upgrade.FREIAhas tillnowreceived only minor financial support from the Swedish National ResearchCouncil andtheSwedish Industrial Innovation Agency that is on a level insufficient to cover thesalary and premises costs for FREIA of ca 1.8 MEUR/year. Insertion oftheESSspokecavityprotoypefortestsintheFREIAhorizontalcryostat .

10. This situationimpliesthat FREIAwillhave to ceasealloperations in less than2years timeunlessthese two agencies,or some othergovernmental agencies canbe made aware ofthe newsituationforthedevelopmentandbuild-upoffuture largeResearchInfrastructuresinEuropeandthe needforinvolvinghigh-techindustryasdescribedhereandagree toprovide the funding required. FREIAmayconstitute an specialexamplebutmanyofthe 10AMICI ResearchFacilitiesreportstagnantor slightlydecreasinggovernmental supporttotheir basicoperationscosts. Whatneeds tobe made clear to thenational science andtechnology fundingagencies in Europeis: thatexperimentalfundamental science,whichhassincethe Renaissancebeenthe long-termdriver of technological, and therefore also economical, development in Europe,hasnowreacheda levelwhere the researchinfrastructures have becomeso large andso complexthat they require the active support of all European TechnologicalFacilitiesandHigh-Tech Industry, calling for international coordination and cooperation between the Technological Facilities and sustained support for their operation. Multi-purposeteststand for high powerprotonacceleratorfrontendtechnologiesatSTFC

11. thatsuchco-operationisneeded in order tokeeptheleadingposition in fundamentalscientificresearchas wellas intechnologicaldevelopment that theWesternWorldhas haduntil now,butwhich isnowseriously challengedbyotherupcomingmajorregions inthe world likeChinaand Indiaandthis onatimescalethat ismuchshorterthan wemaycurrently think. thattheTechnologicalFacilitieshave theimportant functionto educateandtrainyoungresearchers,engineers andtechniciansin the fieldofacceleratorand magnettechnology.There is currently a generallytestifiedandacutelackofcompetentpersonnel in thesefields at the ResearchInfrastructureswhichconstitutes athreatagainst the timelyrealizationof any new advanced Research Infrastructure. Windingof a CCTorbitcorrectordipoleprototype for HL-LHC at the Scanditronix AB company

12. There isgeneral agreement onthatitis importanttohave a numberofnational Industrial Liaison Officersandtoorganize regular internationalinformationmeetings withIndustry,likethe Big Science BusinessForums, inordertofacilitatecontactsbetweenindustrialcompaniesand the large Research Infrastructuresunderconstruction.Andthisis also sufficientwhen it comes toidentifying companies that can deliver specific raw materialsandalreadycommercializedtechnical products required by the Research Infrastructures. Butprovidinginformationandorganizeindustrial forums isnotsufficient when it comes torequestingindustrytodevelopnewtechnologyfor the ResearchInfrastructures. As suchtechnical developmentmost often implies too high risks to be financed on purely commercial grounds, the tighttechnical collaborationbetween the Technological Infrastructures and high-techindustrialcompanies constitutes a necessary condition for its execution. Teststand forX-bandacceleratingstructuresforCLICatCERN Itisbothtime-consuming, riskyandcostlyforansmall to medium size enterprise (SME)to spendthe timeandthe resourcesneededto explorethe possibilityandcommercialinterestofdevelopingabrandnewtechnology proposedbyaResearchInfrastructure.

13. At thatstage it is therefore necessaryto involve local scientistsand engineers thathaveexperienceofworkingwiththespecifictypeof Research Infrastructure,havingat theirdisposal anadequately equipped TechnologicalFacilityfor developingandtestingthenewtechnology, operating in collaboration with the Research Infrastructure and SMEsasapartners. The TechnologicalFacilityofferingthistypeofservicemusthaveits salary and premises costs coveredbypublicfunding– if it were to haveto ask the SMEto coveralsothese costs for the servicesofferedintheco-operation, this again willnormallyrepresenttoobigacostandriskfor theSME.The co-operation wouldthusnotcomeaboutand TechnologyFacilitycould notsustainitsactivityif theco-operation wouldberequiredto builton completelycommercialconditions. An almostfinishedEuropean XFEL 3.9GHzmoduleafter assemblyatDESY

14. In conclusion, the motivation for Society to provide the required support for the salary and premises costs of the Technological Facilities in Europe in order to guarantee their sustainability, is that a significant fraction of the advanced scientific research in Europe, on which the further technical and economical development of our Society is critically dependent, is based on the use of large international Research Facilities and that the European Technological Facilities have nowadays become absolutely vital actors for the build-up and upgrade of these Research Facilities that the European Technological Facilities make it possible for modern European industry to meet the demand from the Research Infrastructures to develop qualitatively new technologies that soon constitute the basis also for many new practical applications in Society and that by federating and specializing the different Technological Facilities in Europe through the coordination of the AMICI consortium, thereby rendering the competences and Technical Platforms of the Technological Facilities complementary, large synergetic gains will be achieved. .