Splash Screen

1. Splash Screen

2. Chapter Introduction Section 1:The Western Pioneers Section 2:The Hispanic Southwest Section 3:Independence for Texas Section 4:The War with Mexico Visual Summary Chapter Menu

3. Why Did People Migrate West? Beginning in the 1820s, Americans began moving in large numbers west across the Great Plains. They headed south to Texas and west to Oregon, Utah, and California. By 1848, the United States had taken the Southwest from Mexico and divided Oregon with Great Britain. • Why do you think Americans wanted to move west in the 1800s? • How do you think westward migration affected America’s relationship with other countries and native peoples? Chapter Intro

4. Chapter Timeline

5. Chapter Timeline

6. The Western Pioneers How did the idea of Manifest Destiny influence the settlement of the West? Chapter Intro 1

7. The Hispanic Southwest How did American settlement of the Southwest cause tensions with Mexico? Chapter Intro 2

8. Independence for Texas How did Texas gain its independence? Chapter Intro 3

9. The War with Mexico What resulted from the annexation of Texas and the war with Mexico? Chapter Intro 4

10. Chapter Preview-End

11. Big Ideas Science and TechnologySeveral inventions in the early 1800s helped make it possible to settle the West. Section 1-Main Idea

12. Content Vocabulary • squatter • overlander Academic Vocabulary • guarantee • convert Section 1-Key Terms

13. People and Events to Identify • Manifest Destiny • Jethro Wood • John Deere • Cyrus McCormick • Kit Carson Section 1-Key Terms

14. A B Would you leave home in order to start a new life in an uncharted territory? A. Yes B. No Section 1-Polling Question

15. Settling New Lands Americans moved westward and established new farms in the Midwest; later settlers traveled in wagon trains to the Pacific Coast. Section 1

16. Settling New Lands (cont.) • In 1800, only around 387,000 white settlers lived west of the Appalachian Mountains. • By the time the Civil War began, more Americans lived west of the Appalachians than lived in states along the Atlantic Coast. • Many Americans believed in the concept of Manifest Destiny. Section 1

17. Settling New Lands (cont.) • Congress passed the Preemption Act of 1830 that protected squatters by guaranteeing them the right to claim land before it was surveyed and the right to buy up to 160 acres at the government’s minimum price of $1.25 per acre. Section 1

18. Settling New Lands (cont.) • Jethro Wood patented an iron-bladed plow in 1819. • In 1837, John Deere engineered a plow with sharp-edged steel blades that cut cleanly through sod. • Cyrus McCormick patented the mechanical reaper in 1834. Section 1

19. Settling New Lands (cont.) • Latecomers to the Midwest set their sights on the Pacific Coast, partly because emigrants assumed that the treeless Great Plains had poor land for farming. • In the 1830s, American missionaries began traveling west to convert Native Americans. Section 1

20. A B C D E Why did Americans head west? A.Religious reasons B.The chance to own their own farms C.Political reasons D.A and B E. B and C Section 1

21. Westward Migration Emigrant groups followed specific trails through territory belonging to Native Americans. Section 1

22. Westward Migration (cont.) • Much of the terrain from the edge of the frontier to the Pacific was difficult. • A small number of trailblazers—mountain men like Kit Carson and Jim Bridger—made their living by trapping beaver and selling the fur to traders. Section 1

23. Westward Migration (cont.) • Trails carved out by the mountain men: • Oregon Trail • California Trail • Santa Fe Trail • Once the trails became well-worn, most of the travelers—known as overlanders—found their own way with the help of guidebooks. Overland Trails West, 1840–1860 Section 1

24. Westward Migration (cont.) • Early travelers feared attacks by Native Americans, but such encounters were rare. • Native Americans often helped the emigrants. • As the traffic west increased, Native Americans did become concerned and angry. • The federal government negotiated the Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1851 in hopes of keeping peace. Section 1

25. Westward Migration (cont.) • In order to find religious freedom, several thousand Mormons forged their way along a path that became known as the Mormon Trail. • They stopped at the Great Salt Lake in what is now Utah. Section 1

26. A B C D The typical trip from east to west took how many months? A.Two B.Four C.Six D.Eight Section 1

27. Section 1-End

28. Big Ideas Trade, War, and MigrationAmericans began to settle in the Mexican borderlands, leading to conflict with the Mexican government. Section 2-Main Idea

29. Content Vocabulary • secularize • mestizo • vaqueros Academic Vocabulary • civil • ultimately Section 2-Key Terms

30. People and Events to Identify • John Sutter • William Becknell • Santa Fe Trail • Tejano Section 2-Key Terms

31. A B Do you feel that Christian missionaries should have tried to convert Native Americans? A. Yes B. No Section 2-Polling Question

32. Mexican Independence and the Borderlands Far from Mexico City, the Mexican borderlands were sparsely populated; the region’s economy centered on cattle and sheep ranching. Section 2

33. Mexican Independence and the Borderlands (cont.) • In 1821, after more than a decade of fighting, Mexico won its independence from Spain. • During this struggle it neglected its northern borderlands, which were threatened on several fronts. Section 2

34. Mexican Independence and the Borderlands (cont.) • The Spanish had expanded the territory of New Spain by establishing missions on the northern frontier. • In the early 1800s, the mission system was in decline. Section 2

35. Mexican Independence and the Borderlands (cont.) • In 1834, the Mexican government secularized the missions and then transferred the land to private ownership. • Political chaos followed Mexican independence. Section 2

36. Mexican Independence and the Borderlands (cont.) • The society of California was broken up into these classes: • Rancheros • Mestizos—some of this middle class worked as vaqueros, but many were skilled craftsmen. • Native Americans Section 2

37. Mexican Independence and the Borderlands (cont.) • As in California, Mexican independence brought little immediate change to New Mexico. Section 2

38. A B C D Which of the following classes constituted less than 10% of California’s population but dominated the society? A.Rancheros B.Mestizos C.Vaqueros D.Native Americans Section 2

39. Americans Arrive in the Borderlands Trade between the borderlands and the United States increased after Mexican independence; Americans began to settle in the Southwest. Section 2

40. Americans Arrive in the Borderlands (cont.) • After Mexican independence, American influence in the borderlands increased. • In 1839, hoping to attract more settlers, Juan Bautista Alvarado, governor of California, granted 50,000 acres in the Sacramento Valley to John Sutter. • “Sutter’s Fort” was often the first stopping point for Americans reaching California. Section 2

41. Americans Arrive in the Borderlands (cont.) • American trader, William Becknell, opened the Santa Fe Trail, which became a major trade route connecting Santa Fe with Independence, Missouri. • Texas was a sparsely populated region where settlers faced recurring raids by the Comanche and Apache. Section 2

42. Americans Arrive in the Borderlands (cont.) • Most of the 2,500 Spanish-speaking Tejanos were concentrated in San Antonio and Goliad. • The decision to invite Americans to settle in Texas ultimately led to a revolt against Mexican rule and independence for Texas. Section 2

43. A B C D Before the Santa Fe Trail, New Mexicans received most of their manufactured goods from which area? A.Europe B.The state of Chihuahua C.The Northeastern states D.Texas Section 2

44. Section 2-End

45. Big Ideas Culture and BeliefsAmericans in Texas hoped to transplant American institutions to their new homeland. Section 3-Main Idea

46. Content Vocabulary • empresario • annexation Academic Vocabulary • convention • reinforcement Section 3-Key Terms

47. People and Events to Identify • National Colonization Act • Washington-on-the-Brazos • Antonio López de Santa Anna • Sam Houston • Alamo • William B. Travis Section 3-Key Terms

48. A B Do you feel that the United States had the right to claim Texas? A. Yes B. No Section 3-Polling Question

49. Opening Texas to Americans Mexico invited Americans to settle in Texas but insisted that they adopt local customs, obey Mexican law, and convert to Catholicism. Section 3

50. Opening Texas to Americans (cont.) • Unable to persuade its own citizens to settle on this frontier, Mexico decided to continue Spanish policy and allow foreigners to settle there. American Settlement in Texas Section 3