It ’ s Story Time… Let ’ s call this one The Creation Story (according to the Greeks)

1. It’s Story Time… Let’s call this one The Creation Story (according to the Greeks) I say “myth”, you say “ology”… MYTH!

2. Learning Objectives: • Students will learn the basics of the Greek Creation story. • Students will practice note-taking skills, using the visual map as an aid. • Students will share insight or questions as they develop. • Students will further their knowledge on mythology, as this story will be referenced for the duration of the semester.

3. It all sounds so exciting! But we are sort of wondering… Is there anything we need to know about mythology in general before we get to the story? We can’t wait to get started! Yes!!! There are some things you will need to keep in mind…

4. First of all… Keep in mind that we are studying mythology as Literature, which deals with characters, plot, themes, and the beliefs of the people who created the stories, NOT as Religion, which deals with matters of personal faith.

5. Secondly, Keep in mind that myths were spread through oral tradition over hundreds of years before ever being written down. Remember that game, TELEPHONE, that you played when you were a kid? What happens to the message as it passes from person to person? Go ahead…try it out… The same thing happened to myths as they passed from one person to another. So, don’t be surprised if you read one version of a myth and find that it differs slightly from another version of the same myth. That’s normal when working with myths.

6. Finally, Keep in mind that myths are symbolic stories. They are not governed by the rules of nature, logic, science, and time. Therefore, if you try to make literalsense of the stories, you’ll drive yourself crazy! So… Sit back, Relax, and Suspend your disbelief…

7. Snap Judgment What can’t you wait to learn about associated with mythology? In other words, you’re losing sleep over wanting this knowledge. DISCUSS!

8. The Creation Myth: How it All Began • The most detailed account of early classical Creation myths comes to us from Theogony, a poem composed by Hesiod, a Greek poet in the eighth century B.C. • It is worthwhile to note that the central recurring theme in Hesiod's narration about the creation myth, is that the driving force behind progression from generation to generation of gods, is domination through conflict and war:

9. In the beginning there was Chaos

10. NIGHT DEATH

11. LOVE

12. At first there was only one thing that existed: Chaos (shapeless void of confusion: had the elements of the world—earth, sky, and sea—all jumbled together, none of which had their own identity)

13. Here come the 5 elements: Chaos Eros Tartarus (Love)—entity (Underworld)—entity Nyx (Night)—entity Erebus (Darkness)—entity Gaia (Mother Earth)—being

14. From Love came

15. light and

16. earth Known as

17. Mother Earth Gaea

18. Gaea united with one of her offspring, Uranus, the sky. and

19. Frightening offspring were born to them

20. Well…that’s an interesting situation, although not the MOST interesting, as you’ll come to see… Mommy, where did Uranus come from?

21. Gaia brings another being into the world…and marries him: People drew a connection between women’s ability to have kids with Earth’s ability to “give birth” to plants, so Earth was always seen as feminine –early Greeks worshipped female deities Gaia, the first Great Goddess (Mother Earth), has Uranus as her son (Ruler of the Sky)

22. Radiant with love for his Mother Earth, the Sky showered her with fertile rain. • Gaia then gave birth to the rest of the physical world: the mountains, bodies of water, flora and fauna. • Nyx mated with Erebus, producing a daughter, Hemera ("Day") and a son Aether ("Upper Air").

23. As the creation myth goes, Night and Day share a house, forever shrouded in darkness by the grim clouds of Tartarus. • Yet they never stay in the same house together. Instead, they take turns, each waiting for the other to depart before crossing the bronze threshold and entering the house.

24. The Universe begins to take shape • Nyx also gave birth to another ominous breed of negative entities • Moros (Doom) • Thanatos (Death) • Hypnos (Sleep) • Nemesis (a goddess of retribution) • Eris (Strife) • Keres (female death spirits who would be charged with collecting and carrying off the bodies of the dead)

25. Of these, the most interesting in terms of visual imagery were the Fates: • Their names were Clotho ,Lachesis ,Atropos • Clotho ("the Spinner") would spin the thread of life of each mortal, • Lachesis ("the Measurer") would measure the length with a rod • Atropos ("the Inflexible") would cut it with shears, thus ending it.

26. Gaia & Uranus start a family, and yes, it’s quite dysfunctional Thank you Gaia and Uranus for making us look normal!

27. The “Little” Ones Gaia=Uranus I have the worst headache! The ultrasound is in: they are the proud parents of triplets!!! But…they all have 100 hands and 50 heads The Hundred-Handed Giants 3 more were born soon after… they were giants with 1 eye in the middle of their foreheads “The Cyclopes”

28. Three Giants • Though not as well known as the Titans who came after them, the first children of Gaia and Uranus were three giants: Cortus, Briareus and Gyges. • Each of these brothers had 50 heads and 100 arms. • These Hundred-Handed giants would be the mightiest of all Gaia's and Uranus's offspring. • Their great strength and imposing presence caused even Titans and later Olympians to quake with fear.

29. Hecatonchires(100-handed monsters) • Briareus the Vigorous • Cottus the Furious • Gyges the Big-Limbed

30. Uranus is threatened by his kids because they are big and scary, and he fears that they will take him over, causing him to lose his power, so… he sends them to Tartarus, where he intends for them to be imprisoned for eternity. That eventually comes back to haunt him, but I’ll fill you in on that later.

31. The Titans are Born • Oceanus—God of the sea • Hyperion (Helios)—God of the sun • Selene—Goddess of the moon • Themis—Goddess of prophecy • Prometheus— “forethought” • Epimetheus— “afterthought” • Atlas—strongest Titan (gets in BIG trouble with Zeus later) • Rhea (Cybele)—Great Goddess • Cronus (Saturn)—youngest, brightest, and most clever of Titans; god of the sky and ruler of Titans after Uranus (WAIT UNTIL YOU HEAR THAT STORY)

32. Snap Judgment Spielberg is making a movie about the Titans: which actors/actresses is he hiring to play who? Come up with at least two he should hire. DISCUSS!

33. Gaia: Enough is Enough • Gaia develops a plan and confronts her kids for help; of course, they are scared of their father and don’t want to challenge him, but Cronus decides he’s up for the challenge, so he steps forward and goes along with his mom’s plan. • It’s not likely his dad would EVER forgive him for this one.

34. Gaia gives Cronus the necessary tool to implement their plan • She tells him to hide it until the time is right. • She then seduces Uranus on the seashore. • Then, taking the sleeping Uranus by COMPLETE surprise, Cronus carries out the plan. WARNING: What you are about to see is graphic if you have a vivid imagination, so feel free to cover your eyes, especially if you’re a male… He uses the sickle his mom created to emasculate his father— not exactly father-son bonding!

35. Snap Judgment Gaia: a strong, no-nonsense woman who teaches men not to mess with her, or a complete creep? DISCUSS!

36. Next… Cronus threw his dad’s severed body parts into the sea where it began foaming on the surface of the water. From the foam rose Aphrodite, goddess of passionate love and beauty, whose name literally means “foam born.” From the blood of Cronus seeping into the ground, rose the Giants and the Furies, three fearsome monsters who tormented sinners, expecially those who killed their parents.

37. How does this connect to Matriarchal societies? • Mythology is a reflection of what happens in society • In Matriarchal societies, the Great Goddess dismembered the Sacred King after he was killed—his blood was used to fertilize the soil (of Mother Earth) and make it grow • Cronus emasculating his father is similar because Uranus’ blood from “the accident” allowed life to spring—the Giants and the Furies

38. The Next Generation: The Olympians Cronus marries his sister Rhea and they go on to have 5 kids. HOWEVER, he’s a total hypocrite, because much like his father, he feared losing power, so he swallowed all of his kids whole right after they were born, or so he thought. • Hestia (Vesta)—virgin goddess of hearth and home; kindest and most loved of gods because a guardian of the home • Demeter (Ceres)—goddess of grain; Great Goddess like Rhea • Hades (Pluto)—ruler of the underworld; lord of the dead • Poseidon (Neptune)—god of the sea; creates earthquakes • Hera (Juno)—goddess of marriage and childbirth; queen of Olympus • Not born yet, but a sneak peak: Zeus (Jupiter)—god of the sky (after Cronus), ruler of gods; youngest, most intelligent and powerful of gods; maintains order in the world of mortals; protects strangers and guests There are some parallels to Matriarchal ceremonies here: Cronus “eating” his kids as babies might stem from how female priestesses ate the flesh of sacred kings for fertility purposes; again, this just shows that mythology is a reflection of what occurred in societies

39. Rhea and Gaia have more in common than their genes: Cronus ignores Rhea’s wishes to allow her to have her children in her life, so she finally goes to her mom for help. Mom, I need help immediately. My husband is a CREEP and is swallowing my babies! I have a plan, but we’re going to need the next kid’s help. I think it’s going to be a male who will be a better leader than his father and grandfather both. (The fact that he’s male and will dominate over the other gods/goddesses might represent the shift from matriarchal to patriarchal societies).

40. Immediately after giving birth to the 6th child, Zeus, Rhea hands Cronus “the baby”, which he immediately swallows. Had he paid more attention, he would have noticed that Rhea really handed him a rock and sent baby Zeus off with Gaia for protection until it was safe for him to return. Eventually, Zeus came back as a grown god and with the help of his mother and good old Grandma Gaia, they offered Cronus a drink that made him vomit up his 5 siblings. Thus began THE WAR The Plan…

41. Snap Judgment How do Cronus’ actions resemble humankind today? DISCUSS!

42. Cronus went to the Titans for help on his side, but many were not interested in helping him fight the Olympians—eventually though, Atlas was named the leader of the Titan army. Mount Olympus Olympians Mount Othrys Titans Vs. They fought for 10 years, with the battle going back and forth, and seemingly, there was no end to the fighting, until Grammy Gaia comes to the rescue, once again, for Zeus

43. Zeusy Boy, here’s what you do. I miss my kids—the Hundred-Handed Giants and the Cyclopes—and I’m sure they’re sick of Tartarus. If you and the Olympians release them, I bet they’d be willing to help your side in the war, considering Cronus betrayed them. What do you say? I’m in; I’ll take my sibs with me and we’ll bring them back

44. Zeus’ uncle monsters joined in the fight and gave the Olympians weapons they made while in the Underworld to show their thanks: -Zeus got thunder/lightning -Poseidon got the trident to cause earthquakes -Hades got the invisibility helmet Finally the Olympians won and those that fought in the Titan army were sent to Tartarus, except for Atlas (the leader), who got a special punishment; Zeus made sure he would spend eternity using his strength to hold up the sky. THAT WOULD GET OLD, DON’T YOU THINK?

45. Zeus married his sister Hera and continued the Olympian family: • Ares (Mars)—god of war (Olympian); had an affair with Aphrodite, Hephaestus’ wife, and Eros (Cupid) was born: arrows that find love • The Romans mocked love and appreciated war, hence adored Mars (Ares in Greek) • The Greeks cherished love and hated war, thus didn’t like Ares because he represented the destructive part of war • Hephaestus —god of fire and forge (Olympian); the one and only ugly god; the peace maker amongst gods • Ilitheia —goddess of childbirth (not really considered an Olympian even though part of this generation)

46. Snap Judgment Which god or goddess are you most intrigued by at this point? Why? DISCUSS!

47. Zeus is unfaithful to Hera and has several more kids with other women: With Leto, he has twins: • Apollo —god of sun, music, medicine, poetry, archery—the ideal Greek, BEAUTIFUL, god; associated with the sun • Artemis —virgin goddess of the hunt; associated with the moon—watched over women as they make transitions; born right before Apollo and helped deliver him

48. Other Women... The Virgin Goddess Review Hera—at times, she can viewed as a joke: she rarely does anything too useful since she’s so busy trying to sabotage the lives of her husband’s mistresses and children (AKA-She’s THAT girl) Aphrodite—gets involved in several love triangles, allowing men to string her along at times (AKA-She’s THAT OTHER girl) Etc. • Hestia—highly respected in every single home; people depended on her to keep them safe • Artemis—fierce and vengeful woman that’s not tied down by anyone • Athena—the most respected of all Olympians for her wisdom What does this imply about the virgin goddess, or goddesses without men in their lives?

49. More kids… • With Metis (he swallowed her)/on his own, he had Athena, virgin goddess of wisdom and war—Zeus had a headache and called Hephaestus over (blacksmith) to help; he cut Zeus’ head open and she popped out fully grown and in armor; his favorite child • With Maia he has Hermes —the messenger of gods; trickster • With Semele, a human, he has Dionysos —god of wine and revelry/enjoyment; only god with 1 human parent: Zeus promised Semele he’d do anything for her, and she asked to see him in his full glory, which saddened him because no human could see him this way and live, so he showed her anyway, as promised, and she died immediately. He grabbed the unborn baby and hid him in his thigh until ready to be born and gave to nymphs to raise

50. Zeus has more kids… • Persephone—she’s the daughter of Demeter and her “husband” is Hades. Let’s just say she would have left him at the altar if that was option, but I’ll explain more about that later. • Congrats…they’re triplets— The Fates! Talk about having power. They decided the lifespan of people’s lives via spinning thread. One spun the thread, one measured the thread, and one cut the thread. This determined the fate of one’s life. • The Muses —they were children of Mnemosyne, and brought about an appreciation for the arts. Each of the nine Muses was responsible for one branch of the arts. • The Graces —daughters of Eurynome; they bring grace and beauty wherever they go. They were literally the life of the party.