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PIA 2528

PIA 2528. Governance, Local Government and Civil Society. Overall Theme. GOVERNANCE. Prelude: Discussion of Readings-1. Berger, On Pain (Author of the Week) Paul and Israel, NGOs and Civil Society Cernea and Clayton, NGOs and Local Development Esman and Uphoff, Local Organizations.

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PIA 2528

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  1. PIA 2528 • Governance, Local Government and Civil Society

  2. Overall Theme GOVERNANCE

  3. Prelude: Discussion of Readings-1 • Berger, On Pain (Author of the Week) • Paul and Israel, NGOs and Civil Society • Cernea and Clayton, NGOs and Local Development • Esman and Uphoff, Local Organizations

  4. NGOs and Governments: Relief and Development Overall Theme: “Liberalism, Privatization and Governance”

  5. Governance, Local Government and Civil Society: Four Themes • TRADITIONAL VIEWS OF THE STATE • INTERNATIONAL DONORS • IMPACT ON CIVIL SOCIETY • PRIVATIZATION AND CONTRACTING OUT

  6. The Public Sector and The State SUB-THEME: THE RELATIONSHIP TO LOCAL GOVERNMENT

  7. Max Weber-1864-1920 • Liberalism and the State- Influenced by the Prussian model of the state • Note: It was history that influenced the ideas of two late 19th century intellectuals, Karl Marx and Max Weber • Myth- Bureaucracy as a neutral actor

  8. Governance Issues Continued Focus on Local Government • Primary unit of government that has both political leadership and bureaucratic structures

  9. Local Government • Focus on the Bureaucratic Structures • A Five Minute History of the Bureaucracy

  10. Evolution of Public Sector: Max Weber • Traditional • Charismatic • Legal Rational

  11. 1. Traditional- Fused 1. looked back at China, Egypt, Rome and Africa 2. Fused System- magic, mystification and witchcraft 3. Key- gradual move to rational separation of King from government

  12. 2. Charismatic- Revolutionary and the Aftermath of French Revolution, 1789-1815 1. State identified with the movement and leader 2. Apex under Napoleon- 3. Allegiance of civil servant to leader- French revolution- emphasis on science and engineering 4. Highly Centralized State

  13. Charismatic 5. Key: Routinization of Charisma • -from leader, shift loyalties one step further to nation • -basic ministries- finance, foreign affairs, War, Justice, Interior

  14. 6. Legal-Rational Model- Modern:specialized/technical: Characteristics • a. Merit Selection • b. Hierarchy- Chain of Command • c. Division of Labor and functional specialization • d. Administrative work: full time, no sinecures e. Contractual agreement

  15. Legal Rational Model, Two f. Professional or technical training g. Fixed salaries h. Formal framework of rules and procedures i. Written records and files j. Separation of office from incumbent- bureau from the occupant. eg. the Bureaucrat

  16. Local Government: Key Principles • Build or Transfer Bureaucratic Capacity from National to Local Government • Capacity is the Key to Decentralization • Key to Development: Planning

  17. Problem: The Failure of the State • Corruption • Ethnic and Religious Conflict • Fragile States • State Collapse

  18. Corruption—the Real Problem?Robert Klitgaard • Corruption: • Graft • Bribery • Nepotism • Kickbacks • Insider bidding (wired) • Can and should corruption be controlled?

  19. Corruption—the Real Problem?Robert Klitgaard • “Rent Seeking” • Charges higher than market price • Corruption • Too much government or too much privatization?

  20. Corruption Rent Seeking stimulates corruption. Enhanced by cultural differences (Gifts vs. Kickbacks; corruption as lobbying the Executive- Robert Klitgaard)

  21. Corruption—the Real Problem?Robert Klitgaard • Corruption as “functional” and cultural • Are there benefits from corruption? • Getting things done means paying for it • Causes of corruption • Poverty vs. ethnicity

  22. Corruption and Ethics • The Ethical Issues in a society of poverty • Obligation to family vs. obligation to society • The starving children problem: Yours or the World’s?

  23. Local Government and Civil Society: THE PROBLEM? • Alternative Models of Social Services Systems • The Context of Privatization and Contracting • Criticisms of Contracting Out: The Blackwater Problem

  24. Coffee Break • Fifteen Minutes

  25. Privatization and Contracting Out A Survey of the Literature

  26. Overview: Governance&New Public Management Principles A. Privatization B. Contracting Out C. The Nature of Social Services D. Re-inventing Government

  27. Privatization • Privatization- A Process: • The process of divesting direct public sector responsibility for the provision of public services or the collection of revenues • Ideal: Key to the provision of efficient and effective goods and services (Savas)

  28. Privatization- ThePrivate Provision of Services: • Use of conventional Markets: no public sector involvement (Purely private) • Contracts with public agencies • Monopoly Franchises

  29. Privatization, Two • Management Contracts • Vouchers • Consumer Cooperatives

  30. Service Delivery Systems and Categories of Service Delivery- • Key to Privatization • Issue- Size: • Hard services or soft • Capital or recurrent costs

  31. Types of Privatization • Intergovernmental or interdepartmental vending agreements • Franchises and Monopolies • Subsidies • Contracting

  32. Types of Services • Macro- Physical Services- Highways, Sewerage Main Lines, Electricity [Deconcentrated or Privatized] • Micro- Physical Services- [Devolved, or Delegated ] • Social Services-Health, Education or Community Development (such as Social Funds) [Delegated or Contracted] • Investment or Production [Privatized]

  33. Dismantling the State:Madsen Pirie- Ideological or rational  The arguments in favor of “Dismantling” the State 1. Problem areas of public sector performance • Production, Labor, Consumer, Administrative 2. The Deficiencies of Public Sector Reform • Efficiency, waste and budget control 3. Evaluation of Techniques of Privatization?

  34. Privatization as the key to Better Government: E.S. Savas Arguments for Privatization: • Ideological • size of government • Pragmatic • normative, too big • Commercial • generate private sector development • Populist • empowerment, choice, and community based activities

  35. Privatization as the key to Better Government: E.S. Savas Twin Dilemnas • Keynesian vs. Neo-Orthodoxy • Arguments about exclusion

  36. Private Provision: Defined • Use of conventional Markets • Contracts with public agencies • Monopoly Franchises • Management Contracts • Vouchers • Consumer Cooperatives

  37. Privatization as the key to Better Government: E.S. Savas Services, Local Government and an Assessment of the Privatization Arguments • Government---Taxes • Government---Fees, or tolls • Government---Vending Mchanisms

  38. Ways and Means of Privatization a. Liquidation- Close down (Load Shedding) b. Divestiture- Sell off in whole or in part government shares c. Public-Private partnerships d. Commercialization- autonomy and user fees

  39. Ways and Means of Privatization, Two e. Public Sector Reform- Cutback- the infamous 19% first cut f. Transfer to a public service organization or union g. Contracting Out

  40. Reasons for Privatization a. High Production costs • b. Low levels of efficiency • c. Featherbedded labor costs • d. Pork Barrel Capital Allocations

  41. Reasons for Privatization • e. Low level consumer input • f. Poor Maintenance and loss of service • g. Inability of political leaders to impose cost control • h. Free Riders

  42. Privatization: The Theory a. The Need for Exclusion b. User Fees not taxes: the principle of tolls c. Need to exclude Collective, and some would argue, common pool goods from privatization d. Worthy goods (health, education, etc.) are not collective goods

  43. Private Provision—Contracting:Gabriel Roth • Making the Choice • Contracting and Non-profits • Issues of privilege • Debate about transaction costs • Cost recovery vs. subsidies

  44. Privatization Issues • Private Sector • Indigenous vs. Foreign (or Pariah) • Contracting vs. Grants • Sub-contracting and sub-grants: • Foreign Aid and a Blurring the lines

  45. Criticism of Privatization a. Private sector and NGOs are not necessarily more effective and efficient than government agencies (Paul Nelson) b. Loss of Coverage for social services (Rule of Structural Adjustment) c. Can replicate private sector within government (Core of Reinventing Government argument-Osborne and Gabler)

  46. Reaction to Privatization Reinventing Government and Public Private Partnerships

  47. Renewed Faith in the Decentralized State • The Need for Minimalist Functions • Pursuit of Sound Economic Policies • Promoting of Decentralized Democratic Governance • Support for Institutionalization of private secotr and civil society

  48. Reinventing Government: David Osborne and Ted Gaebler 1. Steering Rather Than Rowing- Weberian Bureauracy: Bankrupt? 2. Customer Driven Government 3. Competition within Government and between units and Entrepreneurial Government 4. Earning as well as spending--charging fees and selling goods and services 5. Key is decentralization not privatization 6. Third sector vs. Private sector Use of Non-governmental organizations rather than Privatization

  49. Reinventing Government: David Osborne and Ted Gaebler • Community Based Government • Subsidiarity • People as citizens or consumers • Is there a difference? • TQM—add on to consumers • Government agencies compete with themselves

  50. Reinventing Government: David Osborne and Ted Gaebler • Mission vs. Rules based government: • NASA and the Moon—Output based government • Incremental vs. Zero Based (or targeted) budgets • Development State and Civil Society

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