Body Defenses and Immunity

1. Body Defenses and Immunity Ch 20 BIOL 100

2. What is the immune system? • The body’s defense against disease causing organisms, malfunctioning cells, and foreign particles

3. Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy) World’s oldest recorded disease Mycobacterium leprae

4. Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy) • Symptoms • Skin lesions • Sensory loss • Peripheral nerve damage • Blindness

5. Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy) • Transmission • Occurs during close contact with those who are infected. • Transmission is proposed to be by nasal droplets. • Not contagious after 1 month • Not transmitted sexually or through pregnancy • Armadillos can transmit disease

6. Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy) Possible arrival in Hawaii: 1823

7. Local names for Leprosy • Ma’i pake or Ma’i Ali’I • Ma’I ho’oka’awale Disease of exile or separation • Ma’I ho’oka’awale ‘ohana Disease that tears families apart

8. “An Act to Prevent the Spread of Leprosy” 1865 Hawaiian Kingdom Board of Health King Kamehameha V

9. Establishment of Kalihi Hospital, Honolulu Palolo Valley temporary hospitals and dwellings Kalihi Hospital & Detention Center

10. Isolation Settlement on Moloka’i March 17, 1865

11. Bubonic Plague Yersinia pestis

12. Bubonic Plague January 1900

13. Bubonic Plague Kaumakapili Church Beretania/Smith St

14. Hepatitis A outbreak linked to tainted scallops at Genki Sushi eateries Monday, August 15th 2016, 6:49 pm HST 292 reported cases

15. Antibiotic Resistance • Antibiotics- drugs that fight infection caused by bacteria • Antibiotic resistance- when bacteria change eliminating the effectiveness of the drug designed to cure or prevent infection.

16. Antibiotic Resistance How it happens

17. Timeline of Antibiotic Resistance • 1929- Alexander Fleming discovers the 1st antibiotic (penicillin) • 1942- penicillin available through mass production • 1954- 2 million lbs of antibiotics produced in the U.S. annually • 1960’s- various resistant strains emerging due to abused antibiotic use • Today- 50 million lbs of antibiotics produced in the U.S. annually

18. Diseases that have Exhibited Antibiotic Resistance • Typhoid fever • Vancomysin/Glyco peptide intermediate Stapylococcus aureus (VISA/GISA) • Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci • Tuberculosis • Gonorrhea • Head lice • Malaria • Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) • Streptococcus pneumoniae

19. Antibiotic Resistance Antibiotic Resistance on Factory Farms Fish Vaccination

20. The Nature of Disease • Pathogenic Organisms • Genetic Disorders • Toxic Chemicals • Other Environmental Factors • Physical Damage to Organs • Nutritional Disorders

21. Types of Pathogenic Organisms • Viruses • Bacteria • Protozoan • Fungi • Animal • Parasites mold malaria

22. Mechanisms of Disease by Pathogens • Utilization of host nutritional resources • Physical damage to host tissues • Production of toxic substances • Chromosomal and gene damage • Body cells behave abnormally http://www.animalplanet.com/tv-shows/monsters-inside-me/

23. Viruses

24. Bacteria

25. Defense Mechanisms • External defense • Internal Defense • Immune Defense

26. The First Line of Defense~Skin~ Stratum corneum

27. The First Line of Defense~Mucus and Cilia~

28. The First Line of Defense~Tears, Mucus & Saliva~ • They contain many chemicals that break down bacteria • Thousands of different types of bacteria can survive these chemicals, however

29. The First Line of Defense~Stomach Acid~

30. 2nd Line of Defense • Phagocytic cells (WBCs) • N L M E B • Natural Killer (NK) Cells: attack virus infected cells • Inflammatory Response • Antimicrobial proteins • Lysozyme • Interferon • Antibodies

31. Bone Marrow

32. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) Eosinophil Basophil Neutrophil Lymphocyte Monocyte

33. Mechanism of Phagocytosis Mechanism of Phagocytosis Macrophage

34. Inflammatory Response Histamine & prostaglandins released Capillaries dilate Clotting begins Chemotactic factors attract phagocytic cells Phagocytes consume pathogens & cell debris

35. Interferon

36. 3rd Line of Defense

37. Lymphatic System

38. Characteristics of Immunity • Recognition of self versus non-self • Response is specific • Retains a “memory” allowing an accelerated second response • Can respond to many different materials • Involves lymphocytes and antibodies

39. Types of Acquired Immunity

40. Active Immunity • The production of antibodies against a specific disease by the immune system. • Naturally acquired through disease • Artificially acquired through vaccination • Vaccines include inactivated toxins, killed microbes, parts of microbes, and viable but weakened microbes. • Active immunity is usually permanent

41. Vaccines How they work

42. Anti-Vacciners Michele Bachman Jenny McCarthy

43. Passive Immunity • Passive Immunity- Protection against disease through antibodies produced by another human being or animal. • Effective, but temporary • Ex. Maternal antibodies • Colostrum.

44. Immune System Response to Antigens • Humoral Immunity • Involves antibodies (secreted from B cells) dissolved in the blood plasma. • Demonstrated as a immune response using only the blood serum. • Defense against bacteria, bacterial toxins, & viruses.

45. Immune System Response to Antigens • Cell-Mediated Immunity • Involves the activities of specific white blood cells (T cells). • Defense against cancer cells, virus-infected cells, fungi, animal parasites, & foreign cells from transplants.

46. Thymus Figure 20.7

47. Lymphocyte Formation

48. B-Lymphocyte • Mature in bone marrow • Involved in humoral immunity • Once activated by antigen, proliferate into two clones of cells: plasma cells that secreteantibodies and memory cells that may be converted into plasma cells at a later time

49. B Lymphocyte antibodies B-lymphocyte

50. Antibodies and Antigen antigen binding sites Antibodies- secreted by plasma cells when a harmful antigen is detected antigen Antigen- a protein marker on the surface of a cell membrane