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Drugs: Types, Uses, and Safety

This section provides an overview of drugs, including different types of medicines, their effects on the body, and ways drugs can enter the body. It also covers the approval process for medical drugs, the distinction between prescription and over-the-counter medicines, and how to use medicines wisely. Learn about the risks and precautions associated with medicines.

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Drugs: Types, Uses, and Safety

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  1. Chapter 9 Section1 Drugs Preview • Bellringer • Key Ideas • What Are Drugs? • Types of Medicines

  2. Section1 Drugs Chapter 9 Bellringer • Name four medicines that you have heard of. What is each of these medicines used for?

  3. Section1 Drugs Chapter 9 Key Ideas • List three qualities that make a drug useful as a medicine. • Name the two sources of all drugs. • Identify four different types of medicines and their effects on the body. • Identify five different ways that drugs can enter the body. • Describe why some drugs are considered drugs of abuse.

  4. Section1 Drugs Chapter 9 What Are Drugs? • A drug is any substance that causes a change in a person’s physical or psychological state. • Medicinesare drugs used to cure, prevent, or treat illness or discomfort. • Good medicines have the following qualities: • Effectiveness • Safety • Minor side effects

  5. Section1 Drugs Chapter 9 What Are Drugs? • Drugs of abuse are drugs that people take for mind-altering effects that have no medical purpose. • Drugs of abuse can change the way your brain works in ways that are unhealthy and dangerous. • Drugs that affect your brain can change your behavior over time and lead to addiction and long-term health problems.

  6. Section1 Drugs Chapter 9 What Are Drugs? • All drugs are chemicals that come from one of two sources: • Naturals sources, such as plants, animals, or fungi • Laboratories

  7. Section1 Drugs Chapter 9 Types of Medicines • A prescription is a written order from a doctor for a specific medicine. • Over-the-counter (OTC) medicines can be bought without a prescription.

  8. Section1 Drugs Chapter 9

  9. Section1 Drugs Chapter 9

  10. Section1 Drugs Chapter 9 Types of Medicines • Drugs can be taken into the body in the following ways: • Implanted pumps • Inhalation • Injection • Transdermal patches • Ingestion • Topical application

  11. Chapter 9 Section2 Drugs as Medicines Preview • Bellringer • Key Ideas • Approving Drugs for Medical Use • Prescription Medicines • Over-the-Counter (OTC) Medicines • How to Read an OTC Label • Possible Problems with Medicines • Using Medicines Wisely

  12. Section2 Drugs as Medicines Chapter 9 Bellringer • What are some reasons you think prescription and OTC medications have instructions and precautions written on their packaging?

  13. Section2 Drugs as Medicines Chapter 9 Key Ideas • Describe the process by which drugs are approved for medical use. • State two reasons why prescriptions are required for some medicines. • State two factors to consider when choosing over-the-counter (OTC) medicines. • Describe three problems that can occur when taking some medicines. • List six things you should do to be able to use medicines wisely.

  14. Section2 Drugs as Medicines Chapter 9 Approving Drugs for Medical Use • The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was created in 1906 to control the safety of food, drugs, and cosmetics in the United States. • The FDA uses an approval process for proving a drug is safe and effective. Some steps include: • Chemical or cell-culture testing in laboratories • Testing on animals • Testing on human volunteers • Clinical trials to compare to existing drugs

  15. Section2 Drugs as Medicines Chapter 9 Prescription Medicines • Prescription medications should only be taken with a doctor’s recommendation and supervision. • Taking someone else’s medication or failing to follow the prescription can be dangerous.

  16. Section2 Drugs as Medicines Chapter 9 Prescription Medicines • Prescriptions include the following information: • Dosage (how much you should take) • When you should take the medicine • How often you should take the medicine • The length of time you should take the medicine

  17. Section2 Drugs as Medicines Chapter 9 Over-the-Counter (OTC) Medicines • Most OTC medicines are used for common illnesses, injuries, and disorders. • When choosing an OTC: • Decide what kind of OTC will work for you. • Decide whether you want a generic or brand-name medicine. They often have the same active ingredients but different inactive ingredients. • Read the labels.

  18. Section2 Drugs as Medicines Chapter 9 How to Read an OTC Label

  19. Section2 Drugs as Medicines Chapter 9 Over-the-Counter (OTC) Medicines • Long-term use of OTC medicines can cover up more serious problems. • If symptoms persist, consult a doctor. • Herbal remedies and dietary supplements are not regulated by the FDA the same way that drugs are. • Because they may have not been thoroughly tested, herbal remedies and dietary supplements may not be safe or effective.

  20. Section2 Drugs as Medicines Chapter 9 Possible Problems with Medicines • Allergic reactions are the most serious risks to taking medicines. • Symptoms of anaphylactic shock include: • Itching all over the body • Swelling, especially in the mouth or throat • Wheezing or difficulty breathing • A pounding heart • Fainting and unconsciousness

  21. Section2 Drugs as Medicines Chapter 9 Possible Problems with Medicines • Side effects are more common problems than medicine allergies. • Drug interactions occur when a drug reacts with another drug, food, or dietary supplement to increase or decrease the effect of one of the substances. • Labels on OTC packages or drug information sheets describe possible drug interactions and may also list potential side effects.

  22. Section2 Drugs as Medicines Chapter 9 Using Medicines Wisely • Make yourself part of your own healthcare team. • Be prepared to ask questions. • Learn the facts about any medicine you take. • Listen to your body. • It’s not always safe to suddenly stop taking a drug. • Speak up and enlist your parents’ help.

  23. Section2 Drugs as Medicines Chapter 9 Using Medicines Wisely

  24. Chapter 9 Section3 Drugs and the Brain Preview • Bellringer • Key Ideas • How Drugs That Affect the Brain Work • The Path to Addiction • Addiction is a Treatable Disease

  25. Section3 Drugs and the Brain Chapter 9 Bellringer • Write a response to the following statement: “If I want to use drugs, it’s my choice and it doesn’t affect anybody else beside me.”

  26. Section3 Drugs and the Brain Chapter 9 Key Ideas • Describe how drugs that affect the brain work. • State how drugs can affect a person’s emotions. • Describehow addiction can develop from experimentation. • Summarize the role of withdrawal in maintaining a drug addiction. • Describe why addiction is considered a treatable and avoidable disease.

  27. Section3 Drugs and the Brain Chapter 9 How Drugs That Affect the Brain Work • Information processing in the brain takes place at the connections between neurons, called synapses. • Signals are passed across synapses by chemicals called neurotransmitters.

  28. Section3 Drugs and the Brain Chapter 9 How Drugs That Affect the Brain Work • Some drugs affect the way neurons communicate by acting like neurotransmitters, blocking neurotransmitters, or changing the amount of neurotransmitters. • These changes can affect our moods and emotions.

  29. Section3 Drugs and the Brain Chapter 9 Neural Changes Caused by Drug Use Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

  30. Section3 Drugs and the Brain Chapter 9 The Path to Addiction • Addiction is a condition in which a person can no longer control his or her drug use. • Most drugs of abuse activate the brain reward system, which releases chemicals that give pleasure. • Pleasure alone does not cause addiction. • People who become addicts usually start by experimenting, then more regular use leads to a series of changes on the path to addiction.

  31. Section3 Drugs and the Brain Chapter 9 The Path to Addiction

  32. Section3 Drugs and the Brain Chapter 9 Addiction is a Treatable Disease • The symptoms that occur when a drug user stops using a drug are collectively called withdrawal. • Stopping drug use can be very difficult because the withdrawal symptoms are often very unpleasant.

  33. Section3 Drugs and the Brain Chapter 9 Addiction is a Treatable Disease • Drug addiction is a brain disorder, and it is treatable. • Most communities offer a variety of treatment programs for addiction. • The best way to avoid addiction is to avoid drugs of abuse altogether.

  34. Brain Food Video Quiz Chapter 9 Click below to watch the Brain Food Video Quiz that accompanies this chapter. Brain Food Video Quiz

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