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Ecology and Phylogeny of Amphibian Coccidia: A Review

Ecology and Phylogeny of Amphibian Coccidia: A Review. Matthew G. Bolek, and Chris Whipps Department of Zoology, Oklahoma State University, and Environmental and Forest Biology SUNY College of Environmental Science & Forestry. 6,433 Extent Species of Amphibia (Frost, 2009).

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Ecology and Phylogeny of Amphibian Coccidia: A Review

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  1. Ecology and Phylogeny of Amphibian Coccidia: A Review Matthew G. Bolek, and Chris Whipps Department of Zoology, Oklahoma State University, and Environmental and Forest BiologySUNY College of Environmental Science & Forestry

  2. 6,433 Extent Species of Amphibia (Frost, 2009) Anura Caudata Gymnophiona

  3. Amphibian Coccidia Coccidia of frogs and toads, salamanders and newts, and caecilians are the least known of all the tetrapod vertebrate classes.

  4. Generalized Life Cycle of a Coccidian 2 3 1

  5. Generalized Life Cycle of a Coccidian 1

  6. Generalized Life Cycle of a Coccidian 2

  7. Generalized Life Cycle of a Coccidian 3

  8. The Frogs and Toads(Anurans)

  9. Anurans • 5,679 extant species of frogs and toads in 395 genera and 47 families.

  10. Anurans • Of the 5,679 anuran species, only 1.2% (67/5,679) of species in 7.6% (30/395) of the genera and 30% (14/47) of the families have ever been examined for coccidia.

  11. 19 species of Eimeria, 3 species of Goussia, 1 species of Hyaloklossia and 9 species of Isospora have been described. Anurans 4 X 2 4 X 2 2 X 4 2 X 4

  12. Anuran Coccidia World Distribution 8 8 7 4 3 *

  13. Eimeria spp. of Anurans Ovoidal Irregular Spherical

  14. Variation in Oocyst Morphology Stieda body Oocyst Residium Micropile Cap Micropile

  15. Variation in Endogenous Development Extranuclear Intranuclear Bolek unpublished; Jirků and Modrý 2005

  16. Variation in Sporulation Exogenous Endogenous Bolek unpublished; Duszynski et al., 2007

  17. Caudatans • 580 extant species of salamanders and newts in 64 genera and 9 families.

  18. Caudatans • Of the 580 caudatan species, only 7.7% (45/580) of species in 28% (18/64) of the genera and 67% (6/9) of the families have ever been examined for coccidia.

  19. Caudatans • 20 Eimeria and 2 Isospora species have been described from the 560 described caudatan species.

  20. Caudatan Coccidia World Distribution 13 6 3

  21. 20 Eimeria spp. of Caudata Elliptical Spherical Micropile Cap

  22. Gymnophionans • 121 extant species of caecilians in 14 genera and 3 families.

  23. Only 1 Eimeria species has been described from caecilians. Gymnophionans

  24. Eimeria dermophis Asmundsson, Campbell and Duszynski, 2000

  25. Ecology of Amphibian Coccidia

  26. Ecology of Amphibian Coccidia • Very little work has been done on the ecology of amphibian coccidia (Duszynski, Bolek and Upton 2007).

  27. Ecology of Amphibian Coccidia • Very little work has been done on the ecology of amphibian coccidia (Duszynski, Bolek and Upton 2007). • Upton and McAllister, 1988; Upton et al., 1993, suggested that amphibian coccidia are rare, with low prevalence and few species of hosts infected.

  28. Recent Ecology Studies of Amphibian Coccidia • Bolek, et al., 2003; Jirků et al., 2009a, b on Eimeria spp., Isospora spp., and Goussia spp. in anurans and caudatans from Europe and North America.

  29. Ecology of Anuran Coccidia

  30. How do amphibians become infected with these coccidia species?

  31. Examination of field collected tadpoles of western chorus frogs indicated that they shed oocysts of Eimeria streckeri,Isospora cogginsi and Isospora delicatus.

  32. Prevalence of Isospora cogginsi, Eimeria streckeri and Isospora delicatus in Adults, Tadpoles, and Metamorphosed Western Chorus Frogs N = 102 N = 44 N = 47 N = 45

  33. We collected western chorus frog eggs, brought them into the laboratory,and reared tadpoles.

  34. Experimental Infections We exposed these tadpoles to coccidia oocysts.

  35. 90% (18/20) of experimentally exposed tadpoles of western chorus frogs shed oocysts of Isospora delicatus.

  36. Tadpoles shed oocysts 9-10 days post exposure, and continued shedding oocysts for 7 days, and did not retain the infection before metamorphosis. Sporulation: Exogenous.

  37. Tadpole and metamorphosed frog digestive system.

  38. European Eimeria ranae Jirků et al, 2009

  39. 499 Frogs and Toads of 7 Species from 7 locations in the Czech Republic.

  40. 3,703 Tadpoles of 7 Species from 7 locations in the Czech Republic.

  41. Only adults and tadpoles of the Common Frog and Agile Frog were infected with Eimeria ranae.

  42. Prevalence of Eimeria ranae in adults and tadpoles of the Common and Agile Frog from the Czech Republic

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