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Research In Pharmacy

Research In Pharmacy. Outline. Definition of research Goals of research in pharmacy Types of pharmacy research Characteristics of a successful researcher Components of a research plan Research Methods Research career pathways Academia Contract research organizations

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Research In Pharmacy

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  1. Research In Pharmacy

  2. Outline • Definition of research • Goals of research in pharmacy • Types of pharmacy research • Characteristics of a successful researcher • Components of a research plan • Research Methods • Research career pathways • Academia • Contract research organizations • Healthcare institutional setting • Industry • Government

  3. Definition • Scientific research is the systematic, controlled, and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions (theories) about presumed relationships among natural phenomena

  4. ‘’Research is the activity that makes pharmacy a science rather than a technical skill’’ The 1980 American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy Argus Commission Report

  5. Goals of Research In Pharmacy • Advancement of pharmacy practice • Promoting human health and societal well-being • Promoting quality in institutions & the community • Promoting professional development (promotion…etc.)

  6. Types of Pharmacy Research • Pharmaceutical research, includes the development and testing of new drug dosage forms and drug preparation and administration methods and systems • Clinical research, such as the therapeutic evaluation, comparison, and outcomes of drug therapy and drug treatment regimens ASHP statement on pharmaceutical research in organized health-care settings. Am J Hosp Pharm.1991; 48:1781

  7. Types of Pharmacy Research • Health services research and development, includes behavioral and socioeconomic research such as research on cost–benefit issues in pharmaceutical care • Operations research, such as evaluation of new and existing pharmacy programs and services ASHP statement on pharmaceutical research in organized health-care settings. Am J Hosp Pharm.1991; 48:1781

  8. Characteristics Of A Successful Researcher • Self-motivation • Attention to detail • Excellent time-management skills • Strong written and verbal communication skills • Ability to work independently • Creativity, curiosity, patience, and passion to search for new knowledge • Keep abreast of scientific and clinical literature

  9. Characteristics Of A Successful Researcher • Ability to ask questions, create research hypotheses,& design methodologies to answer research questions • Ability to interpret results and identify the strengths and weaknesses of the literature • Establishing collaborations with others to grow and strengthen research programs • Disseminating and sharing the results of one’s findings (at scientific meetings, publication in scientific journals)

  10. Components Of A Research Plan (Proposal) • A problem statement • A review of available literature on the subject • The objectives for the project • A description of the methodology to be used • A description of statistical analyses • A budget and time frame for the project • The expected applicability of the research findings • References ASHP guidelines for pharmaceutical research in organized health-care settings. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1989; 46:129–30.

  11. Research Methods (Study Design) • Cross-sectional Study • Data collected from the population on one occasion only • Before-and-after Study • 2 cross-sectional observations (e.g. before & after an intervention) • Longitudinal (Cohort) Study • Follows up a sample (cohort) of individuals over a period of time • Data will be collected from each individual on more than • one occasion

  12. Research Methods (Study Design) • Exploratory Study • Investigate a topic from the perspective of different people & identify issues that are important to them • Retrospective Study • Collecting data related to what has happened in the past • Prospective Study • Collecting data relating to the future

  13. Components Of A Research Report • Problem a. Theories, hypotheses, and definitions b. Previous research: the literature • Methodology a. Sample and sampling method b. Experimental procedures and instrumentation c. Measurement of variables d. Statistical methods of analysis • Results, interpretation, and conclusions • References ASHP guidelines for pharmaceutical research in organized health-care settings. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1989; 46:129–30.

  14. Barriers To Successful Research • Insufficient time because of clinical, teaching, administrative responsibilities • Insufficient funding and extremely competitive grants • Inability to generate ideas for relevant research • Lack of collaborators and/or mentors • Lack of availability of advanced training opportunities

  15. Research Career Pathways • Academia • Contract research organizations • Healthcare institutional setting • Industry • Government Pharmacy Practice Research Careers. Pharmacotherapy 2009;29(8):1007–1011

  16. Research Career Pathways1) Academia • A faculty appointment is the traditional pathway for a pharmacist to pursue a research career • Allows individuals to focus on a particular area of research and build an independent, but typically collaborative, research career • Most often associated with pharmacy colleges but may involve other colleges (medicine, nursing)

  17. Research Career Pathways1) Academia • Training required: • Bachelor/Pharm.D. degree (entry level) • Residency • Fellowship • MS/Ph.D. degree • Additional degrees, e.g. master of business administration (M.B.A.) or master of public health (M.P.H.) may be helpful in research focusing on health outcomes or epidemiology

  18. Research Career Pathways1) Academia • Faculty positions require individuals to contribute to teaching at undergraduate or graduate level &, in some instances, maintain a clinical service component • Research settings may include: • Laboratory • Clinics & hospitals • Community pharmacy settings • Classroom • Government • Industry

  19. Research Career Pathways2) Contract Research Organization • Contract research organizations are private, independent companies that assist and support investigators and industry in the research process • May be involved in various aspects of research including: • protocol development • protocol research • pharmacokinetic sample processing and analysis • data analysis • preparation of regulatory reports and FDA applications

  20. Research Career Pathways2) Contract Research Organization • Although entry-level positions are available, job experience open more opportunities • Research responsibilities for individuals working in CRO positions include: • protocol development • project management • writing and review • data analysis • administrative duties • manuscript preparation

  21. Research Career Pathways2) Contract Research Organization • Training Required: BS/Pharm.D. and/or Ph.D. or master of science degree (M.S.) • The extent and type of previous job experience will influence the type of CRO positions available: • Entry-level jobs tend to be involved more in the field & conducting research • Career advancement is primarily to research project planning & more administrative aspects of negotiating and executing contracts

  22. Research Career Pathways3) Healthcare Institutional Setting • Research in institutional setting (e.g. hospital) in the role of a clinical pharmacy specialist • A research protocol is often required to document pharmacist activities impact on patient outcomes or costs • Training Required: • Bachelor/Pharm.D. degree and, at a minimum, a pharmacy practice residency • Master’s degree with experience may be acceptable • Fellowship training is also beneficial

  23. Research Career Pathways3) Healthcare Institutional Setting • Research in the institutional setting is often self initiated within a particular area of interest • Type of research conducted is patient-focused through clinical drug studies, evaluation of programs on patient outcomes, and economic analysis • Research opportunities often present themselves to clinical pharmacist specialists who work in collaboration with other members of the health care team

  24. Research Career Pathways3) Healthcare Institutional Setting • Other responsibilities of clinical pharmacy specialists involved in research include: • Precepting students or residents • Participating in clinical protocol development or writing • Analyzing data • Reviewing and writing research grants and manuscripts • Serving on institutional review boards

  25. Research Career Pathways3) Healthcare Institutional Setting • Additional career path in a health system or hospital setting is as an investigational drug service pharmacist: • Responsible for providing drug distribution to clinical research trials • May participate in the drafting of research protocols involving drug administration • Often serve on institutional review boards to ensure safe medication practices during clinical research trials • Participate in research process, rather than have direct involvement in hypothesis generation

  26. Research Career Pathways4) Industry • Provide opportunities to be involved in: • Decision making and planning for new therapy development • Collaborating with a variety of investigators on a national and international level • Participate in the administrative or management aspects of therapy development

  27. Research Career Pathways4) Industry • Training Required: • Pharm.D. or Ph.D. are generally accepted as the minimum training • Residency and fellowship training may be required • The industry setting provides numerous opportunities for career advancement, such as director positions, project manager and other management roles

  28. Research Career Pathways5) Government • Research positions in government agencies e.g. Ministry of Health, Saudi FDA • Pharmacy researcher is a member of a large research team contributing to the institute’s overall research objectives and goals • Entry-level positions may include pharmacy research specialist with advancement opportunities to director or manager of laboratory or research programs

  29. Research Career Pathways5) Government • Training Required: • For an entry-level position, a BS/Pharm.D. degree, residency/fellowship may be also required • Advanced positions, such as study director, laboratory director, or section head, require a Pharm.D., residency/ fellowship • Solid clinical and research experience is desirable • Career advancement in the government is based on job experience and success in current research endeavors

  30. Research Career PathwaysAcademia Vs. Industry

  31. Research Career PathwaysAcademia Vs. Industry

  32. Interested In Learning More About A Research Career ?? • To gain insight regarding job scope and activities: • Meet with people in the sector of interest • Examine publications written by researchers from the sector of interest • Consider job shadowing • Consider elective rotations with a researcher

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