Memory

1. Memory

2. Memory • The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information • Your memory is your mind’s storehouse, the reservoir of your accumulated learning

3. Memory • Memory involves three fundamental processes: • Encoding • Storage • Retrieval

4. Memory – Information Processing • Encoding – putting into • Storage – keeping • Retrieval –getting out

5. Encoding • Encoding is the processing of information into the memory system – the first step of building a memory is sensory input

6. Encoding – Effortful Processing • Two effortful practices that may help to gather (encode) sensory information include rehearsal and spacing

7. Encoding – • Rehearsal – the conscious repetition of information • Like studying or practice!

8. Encoding – • Spacing Effect – rehearsing information repeatedly, over time. • Spaced studying beats cramming! • Rehearse a bit, take a break, begin rehearsing as you start forgetting things, take a break, rehearse again as you begin to forget, etc.

9. Types of Encoding • Visual (Mental) Encoding – the encoding of picture images • Acoustic Encoding – the encoding of sounds • Semantic Encoding – the encoding of meanings, especially of words

10. Visual / Mental Encoding • Where did you go yesterday, who was with you, where did you eat, and what did you wear? Remembering visual information is often easier than remembering formulas, definitions, names and dates. • Visual encoding applies the idea of mental pictures to words and concepts, in order to put them into memory easier.

11. Encoding –Mental / Visual Imagery • A mental picture of Lady Macbeth. • While reading John Grisham’s “The Firm”, you picture Tom Cruise as the main character.

12. Encoding – Mental Imagery • When encoding a list of words, apply a mental picture to each word. IE. Typewriter, fire, cigarette, scary.

13. Encoding – Mental Imagery Example • Grocery List • A through J • Make a list of thing you buy @ the grocery store starting with A, B, C – J • Directions follow

14. Auditory Encoding - Sounds • auditory encoding enhances the processing of information by applying rhyme schemes, stories, songs, etc. to the information.

15. Encoding – Auditory Encoding • 30 Days has September, April, June and November. All the rest have 31, except February… • In fourteen hundred and ninety-two Columbus sailed the Ocean Blue. • "i" before "e," except after "c," or in sounding like "ay" as in "neighbor" or "weigh."

16. Auditory Encoding - Sounds • “What sobriety conceals, alcohol reveals”. • “If the glove doesn’t fit, you must acquit,” is easily remembered by jurors when a lawyer is fighting for his client’s innocence.

17. Encoding – Auditory Encoding • Songs are another great way to remember things – SCHOOL HOUSE ROCK !!

18. Encoding –More Strategies (Mnemonics) • Chunking – Organizing items into familiar, manageable units • Acronyms – Organizing items by creating words or sentences from the first letters of the words or information to be remembered

19. Chunking Numbers • Put your pencil down • Remember the numbers I saw verbally

20. Encoding –Chunking 1,8,1,2,1,7,7,6,1,9,4,1,1,4,9,2

21. Encoding –Chunking • Much easier to encode the numbers into our memory if we “chunk” them: • Try to remember these numbers: 1812, 1776, 1941, 1492

22. Encoding –Chunking • Where they easier to remember? • They were the same numbers as before…

23. 1,8,1,2,1,7,7,6,1,9,4,1,1,4,9,2 • 1812, 1776, 1941, 1492

24. Encoding –Acronyms • Need to learn the names of North America’s five “Great Lakes”? • HOMES – Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior

25. Encoding – Effortful ProcessingAcronyms • National Basketball Association – NBA • Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus – SCUBA

26. Encoding – Effortful ProcessingAcronyms • Can’t remember how to spell Arithmetic? • ARat In Toms House Might Eat Toms Ice Cream

27. Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally - mathematical order of operations: Parenthesis, Exponents, Multiply and Divide before you Add and Subtract • How about the planets in order… • My Very Educated Mother Just Showed Us Nine Planets – • …only no more Pluto so how about My Very Educated Mother Just Showed Us Nothing

28. Encoding with emotions • Flashbulb Memories – a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event • Where were you when 9/11 occurred, or when Kennedy was shot? • You clearly remember your first hit in Little League, your first kiss, the first day of high school, a funeral, a wedding….. even though the memory may be many years old, you have a clear recollection.

29. Memory Part II Storage and Retrieval

30. Memory – Information Processing • “Three-Stage Processing” Model • Memories are stored in a three-step process of sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

31. Memory – Information Processing • Sensory Memory – the immediate, initial recording of sensory information; fleeting, to-be-remembered information

32. Memory – Information Processing • Short-Term Memory – activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven-digits of a phone number while you are dialing, and then the information is either stored, or forgotten

33. Memory – Information Processing • Long-term Memory – the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memories

34. Sensory Memory • Sensory memory retention is only fleeting and momentary • Sensory memory retention allows us to remember small, quick bits of information for a very short period of time

35. Sensory Memory G Z E P R K O D B T X F

36. Sensory Memory • How many letters can you recall? • Most people can recall four or five letters in that short of a time span, but know that there were more.

37. Sensory Memory • Sensory memory retention is what is used when you see a face in the crowd for a split second….you recognize features quickly, determine she/he was cute, but then you can’t remember any details of their face

40. Sensory Memory • Was he/she cute? • What was he/she wearing? What color was it? • What color was his/her hair? How long was it? • What color was her lipstick? • What was his/her facial expression? • What color were his/her eyes?

41. Short-Term Memory or Working Memory • The ability to hold and manipulate information over a brief period of time. Forgetting can occur rapidly, especially if distracted

42. Short-Term Memory or Working Memory • Short-term memory has two important characteristics. • First, short-term memory can contain at any one time seven, plus or minus two, "chunks" of information. • Second, items remain in short-term memory around twenty to thirty seconds.

43. Short-Term Memory • This type of memory increases as children get older… …but decreases in old age

44. Activity • Pens and pencils DOWN • Look at the picture • You will have15 seconds

46. Short-Term Memory • Write down the words of all the pictures you can remember. • How many objects did you remember?

48. Short-Term Memory • We can only consciously process a very limited amount of information in our short-term memory.

49. Short-Term Memory • We can only consciously process a very limited amount of information in our short-term memory. • Overload your short-term memory? You might forget what you read, ask yourself where you put your briefcase, and ask your phone partner the same thing twice.

50. Long-Term Memory • A system in the brain that can store vast amounts of information on a relatively enduring basis • The information can be facts you learned a few minutes ago, personal memories that are decades old, or skills learned with practice.