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Reaction, Revolution & Romanticism 1815-1850

Reaction, Revolution & Romanticism 1815-1850. Europe 1812. The Congress of Vienna. September 1, 1814 - June 9, 1815. Main Objectives. The task was to undo everything that Napoleon had done: Reduce France to its old boundaries - frontiers pushed back to 1790 levels

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Reaction, Revolution & Romanticism 1815-1850

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  1. Reaction, Revolution & Romanticism 1815-1850

  2. Europe 1812

  3. The Congress of Vienna • September 1, 1814 - June 9, 1815

  4. Main Objectives • The task was to undo everything that Napoleon had done: • Reduce France to its old boundaries - frontiers pushed back to 1790 levels • Restore as many of the old monarchies that had lost their throne during Napoleonic era

  5. Key Players @ Vienna Tsar Alexander I (Rus.) Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh (Br.) The “Host” Prince Klemens von Metternich (Aus.) King Frederick William III (Prus.) Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)

  6. Key Principles Established • Legitimacy • Balance of Power • Compensation • Coalition forces would occupy France for 3-5 years • France to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs Reactionary to revolutions based on conservatism

  7. Changes Made @ Vienna • France deprived of Napoleon expansion • Russia given most of Duchy of Warsaw (Poland) • Prussia given half of Saxony, parts of Poland and other German territory • Germanic Confederation of 38 states (including Prussia) created from previous 300, under Austrian rule • Austria given back territory lost plus more in Germany and Italy • The House of Orange given the Dutch Republic and Austrian Netherlands to rule

  8. Changes Made @ Vienna • Norway and Sweden joined • Neutrality of Switzerland guaranteed • Britain given Cape Colony, South Africa and various other colonies in Africa and Asia • Sardinia was given Piedmont, Nice, Savoy and Genoa • Bourbon Ferdinand I restored in Two Sicilies

  9. Europe After C of V

  10. Conservatism • Philosophy developed to repress liberal/nationalist ideals from French Rev • Burke - society a contract to be preserved by generations - no sudden change • Maistre - absolute monarchy - “order in society” • Advocated for hereditary monarchy, landed aristocracy, gov bureaucracies and Church • Holy Alliance 1818 Aus, Rus, Prus – repress liberal thought & enforce Christianity

  11. Concert of Europe(Congress System) • Reaffirmation of the Quadruple Alliance • Meet and discuss from time to time to preserve balance of power • France brought in 1818 • Principle of Intervention - Britain not cool with

  12. Latin America • Napoleon topples Bourbon Monarchy in Spain - lose influence in Latin Am • Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin lead revolts for ind in Latin America • Continental Powers wanted to intervene • Britain and Monroe Doctrine said “No dice”

  13. Latin Am Revolts

  14. Italy & Spain • 1820 liberal revolutionaries overthrow Ferdinand I of Italy and Ferdinand VII of Sp • Concert of Europe successful at restoring order – Principle of Intervention • Austrian forces in Italy • French forces in Spain

  15. Greek Revolt • The “Eastern Question” - what to do about the Ottoman influence in Europe • 1820 sentiment of revolution in Greeks • 1827 supported by British/French fleet • 1828 Russia declares war on Ottoman Empire • 1830 R,F,B declare Greek Ind

  16. Conservative Gov in GB • Both political factions (Tories & Whigs) largely made up of aristocrats Whigs becoming more open to industrial class • Tories dominate til 1830 little desire for change • Corn Laws 1815 - help landed elite • 1819 Peterloo Massacre • Gov crackdown (Six Acts)

  17. Peaceful Progress in GB • Reform Bill 1832 eliminates “rotten boroughs” • Chartist movement fails on universal male suffrage but joins forces for Anti Corn League • Corn Laws repealed 1846 • Ten Hours Act 1847

  18. France Steps Back • Louis XVIII kept many of changes from Rev • Civil Code, property rights, bicameral leg • Pressured by liberals for more reform and ultraroyalists for a return to old regime • 1824 power passed to his bro count of Artois becoming Charles X - favored aristocracy • Military adventure to Algeria • July Ordinances gets him canned

  19. German States • Fred William III had embraced ideals of Napoleon • After 1815 becomes reactionary • Burschenschaften • Carlsbad Decrees of 1819

  20. Why was Metternich such a stick in the mud? • Austrian Empire a multinational state • Collection of people held together simply by bond of Habsburg emperor • Ideals of nationalism and liberalism would crush the empire so keep status quo at all costs

  21. Russia & Decembrist Revolt • Alexander reverses policies and more reactionary after Napoleon • Northern Union – intellectuals eyes opened to west during Napoleon • Alexander’s death – Constantine v. Nicholas • December 1825 • Nicholas crushes dissenters • Policeman of Europe

  22. 1848 Revs Fail • France – Lib/Socialists can’t agree – 2nd Republic will become 2nd Empire • Austria – Nationalism just won’t work in multi-ethnic state Francis Joseph with help from Nicholas I (Russia) • Prussia – Little German vs Big German question takes too long and Frederick William says no to “crown from gutter”

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