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Urban Forest Hurricane Recovery Program

This study provides a methodology, results, and recommendations for selecting tropical and subtropical tree species for wind resistance in urban forests. The study surveyed arborists, urban foresters, and forest scientists to rank 160 tree species for wind resistance. The results show which tree species had the highest survival rates and the least branch damage in hurricanes.

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Urban Forest Hurricane Recovery Program

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  1. Urban Forest Hurricane Recovery Program http://treesandhurricanes.ifas.ufl.edu

  2. Selecting Tropical and Subtropical Tree Species for Wind Resistance Eliana Kampf Mary Duryea

  3. Study • Methodology • Results • Lists of wind resistance • Recommendations for a healthy urban forest

  4. Hurricanes Measured in Study Andrew 165 mph 1992 Jeanne 120 mph 2004 Ivan 130 mph 2004 Katrina 125 mph 2005 Rita 120 mph 2005 Georges 110 mph 1998 Opal 125 mph 1995 Erin 85 mph 1995 Dennis 120 mph 2005 Charley 145 mph 2004 Funding: FL DOT andDOF, USDA Forest Service Georgia Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Florida Puerto Rico

  5. SE Coastal Plain • Subtropical & Tropical

  6. Methodology • Urban neighborhoods randomly chosen at point of landfall • All trees along streets were measured • Standing, leaning or fallen • Measured dbh, height for palms • Defoliation, branch damage

  7. Wind and Trees Survey • Surveyed 240 arborists, urban foresters, forest scientists • Asked them to rank 160 tree species for wind resistance

  8. Results Hurricane Charley (145 mph) areca palm manila palm bald cypress washingtonia sabal palm pigmy date Senegal date* gumbo limbo royal palm sea grape laurel oak strangler fig SFL slash pine live oak camphor* coconut palm 100 citrus Norfolk I. pine queen palm*** 90 longleaf pine black olive 80 Australian pine** 70 melaleuca** 60 50 Survival (%) 40 LSD=30% 30 20 10 0 Tree species * Invasive, not recommended by IFAS ** Prohibited in Florida *** Caution: manage to prevent escape

  9. Results Hurricane Charley (145 mph) melaleuca** strangler fig laurel oak 60 longleaf pine live oak Australian pine** Norfolk Is. pine 50 camphor* gumbo limbo sea grape S.FL slash pine 40 black olive Branches Lost (Mean %) bald cypress 30 20 LSD=32% citrus 10 0 Tree species * Invasive, not recommended by IFAS ** Prohibited in Florida

  10. Results Hurricane Charley (145 mph) Senegal date* pigmy date areca palm manila palm bald cypress sabal palm washingtonia royal palm 100 coconut palm 90 queen palm*** citrus gumbo limbo 80 sea grape S.FL slash pine Norfolk Is. pine 70 camphor* laurel oak Survival (Recalculated) (%) 60 live oak black olive Australian pine** 50 longleaf pine strangler fig 40 LSD=20% 30 melaleuca** 20 10 0 Tree species * Invasive, not recommended by IFAS ** Prohibited in Florida *** Caution: manage to prevent escape

  11. Dicots Gumbo Limbo Black olive 89% survival in Charley 84% survival in Andrew 57% survival in Charley 68% survival in Andrew

  12. Dicots Oaks in North FL 100 80 60 Survival (%) 40 P<0.001 20 0 Erin Dennis Opal Ivan (85mph) (120 mph) (125 mph) (130 mph) Sand live oak Live oak Laurel

  13. Dicots Oaks in South FL No statistical difference for Jeanne and Charley: • survival • branch loss • re-calculated survival

  14. Palms Usually more resistant to winds than dicots Charley: 88% palms vs. 77% others Jeanne: 86% palms vs. 76% others Sabal, Manila, areca and pigmy date palms had ≥ 89% survival after hurricanes Charley, Jeanne, Georges and Andrew

  15. 110 120 145 165 Palms Wind Speed (mph) 100 80 60 Survival (%) 40 20 0 Queen Sabal Royal Washington Coconut

  16. Conifers Bald cypress Sand pine Charley: 95% survival Jeanne: only 4% survival Erin: 61% survival Opal: 58% survival

  17. Conifers S. FL slash pine Longleaf pine Charley: 57% survival Ivan: 59% survival Erin: 90% survival Opal: 94% survival Jeanne: 90% survival Charley: 79% survival Andrew: 73% survival

  18. Conifers Continue to die after hurricanes S. FL slash: lost an additional 27% Longleaf: lost an additional 48%

  19. Native species Exotic species Native vs. Exotic Trees 100 NS NS **** **** 80 **** **** **** 60 Survival (%) 40 20 0 Jeanne Andrew Charley Georges Hurricane

  20. Lists of Wind Resistance • 85 surveys (35%) were returned • Combining: • our study results • survey • scientific literature

  21. Wind and Trees Survey – Results * statistically significant

  22. Medium-High Wind Resistance Dicots Annona glabra, pond apple Calophyllum calaba, Brazilian beautyleafc Chrysophyllum oliviforme, satinleaf Coccoloba uvifera, sea grape Coccoloba diversifolia, pigeon plum Liquidambar styraciflua, sweetgum Lysiloma latsiliquum, wild tamarind Magnolia virginiana, sweetbay magnolia Nyssa sylvatica, black tupelo Sideroxylon foetidissimum, mastic Simarouba glauca, paradise tree Swietenia mahagoni, mahogany Palms Caryota mitis, fishtail Cocos nucifera, coconut Dypsis decaryi, triangle Roystonea elata, royal Fruit Trees Litchi chinensis, lychee Highest Wind Resistance Dicots Bursera simaruba, gumbo limbo Carya floridana, FL scrub hickory Conocarpus erectus, buttonwood Chrysobalanus icaco, cocoplum Cordia sebestena, geiger tree Eugenia axillaris, white stopper Eugenia confusa, redberry Eugenia foetida, boxleaf stopper Ilex cassine, dahoon holly Krugiodendron ferreum, ironwood Lagerstroemia indica, crape myrtle Podocarpus spp, podocarpus Guaiacum sanctum, lignum vitae Magnolia grandiflora, southern magnolia Quercus virginiana, live oak Quercus geminata, sand live oak Conifers Taxodium distichum, baldcypress Taxodium ascendens, pondcypress Palms Butia capitata, pindo Dypsis lutescens, areca Coccothrinax argentata, FL silver Hyophorbe lagenicaulis, bottle Hyophorbe verschaffeltii, spindle Latania loddigesii, blue latan Livistona chinensis, Chinese fanc Phoenix canariensis, Canary Island date Phoenix dactylifera, date Phoenix reclinata, Senegal dateb Phoenix roebelenii, pygmy date Ptychosperma elegans, Alexander Sabal palmetto, cabbage Thrinax morrisii, key thatch Thrinax radiata, Florida thatch Adonidia merrillii, Manila a Prohibited in Florida b Invasive and not recommended in Florida c Caution: may be used but must be managed to prevent escape in Florida (Fox et al. 2005)

  23. Medium-Low Wind Resistance Dicots Acer rubrum, red maple Bauhinia blakeana, Hong-Kong orchid Bucidas buceras, black olive Callistemon spp, bottlebrush Cinnamomum camphora, camphorb Delonix regia, royal poincianac Enterolobium cyclocarpum, ear tree Eriobotrya japonica, loquatc Ficus aurea, strangler fig Kigelia pinnata, sausage tree Eucalyptus cinera, silverdollar eucalyptus Quercus laurifolia, laurel oak Myrica cerifera, wax myrtle Persea borbonia, redbay Platanus occidentalis, sycamore Tabebuia heterophylla, pink trumpet tree Terminalia catappa, tropical almondc Conifers Pinus elliottii var. densa, slash pine Pinus palustris, longleaf pine Fruit Trees Averrhoa carambola, star-fruit, carambola Citrus spp, oranges, limes, grapefruit Mangifera indica, mango Lowest Wind Resistance Dicots Casuarina equisetifolia, Australian pinea Cassia fistula, golden shower Chorisia speciosa, floss-silk tree Ficus benjamina, weeping banyan Grevillea robusta, silk oak Jacaranda mimosifolia, jacaranda Melaleuca quinquenervia, melaleucaa Quercus nigra, water oak Peltophorum pterocarpa, yellow poinciana Prunus caroliniana, Carolina laurelcherry Sapium sebiferum, Chinese tallowa Spathodea campanulata, African tuliptree Tabebuia caraiba, silver trumpet tree Ulmus parvifolia, Chinese elm Conifers Araucaria heterophylla, Norfolk Island pine xCupressocyparis leylandii, leyland cypress Juniperus silicicola, southern red cedar Pinus clausa, sand pine Palms Syagrus romanzoffiana, queenc Washingtonia robusta, Washington fan Fruit Trees Persea americana, avocado a Prohibited in Florida b Invasive and not recommended in Florida c Caution: may be used but must be managed to prevent escape in Florida (Fox et al. 2005)

  24. Recommendations for a healthy urban forest When Establishing New Trees: • Establish a structural pruning program early on • Consider soil depth, water depth and compaction • Plant trees from the highest and medium-high WR lists • Give trees adequate aerial space when mature • Plant high quality trees with good structure • Plant trees in groups as opposed to individually • Plant a mixture of species, ages and layers • Give trees adequate rooting space: • small trees - at least 3 x 3 m • large trees - at least 10 x 10 m

  25. Recommendations for a healthy urban forest When Managing Older Trees: • Consider removing trees on the lowest WR list • Remove hazard trees • Know the life span of your tree • Have tree health evaluated • Be aware of root damage during construction • Prune trees regularly • Consult with a certified arborist or urban forester

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