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PML: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Learn about Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML), an opportunistic infection in HIV-infected individuals, including its epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis methods, prevention, and treatment options. This slide set provides valuable information for clinicians caring for patients with HIV.

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PML: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

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  1. Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and AdolescentsProgressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) Slide Set Prepared by the AETC National Resource Center based on recommendations from the CDC, National Institutes of Health, and HIV Medicine Association/Infectious Diseases Society of America

  2. About This Presentation These slides were developed using recommendations published in May 2013. The intended audience is clinicians involved in the care of patients with HIV. Users are cautioned that, because of the rapidly changing field of HIV care, this information could become out of date quickly. Finally, it is intended that these slides be used as prepared, without changes in either content or attribution. Users are asked to honor this intent. – AETC National Resource Center http://www.aidsetc.org www.aidsetc.org

  3. PML: Epidemiology • Opportunistic infection, caused by the polyoma virus JC virus • Characterized by focal demyelination in the CNS • Worldwide distribution, seroprevalence of 39-69% in adults • Primary infection usually in childhood • No recognized acute JC virus infection • Likely asymptomatic chronic carrier state www.aidsetc.org

  4. PML: Epidemiology (2) • Before use of potent ART, PML developed in 3-7% of persons with AIDS • Substantially lower incidence in countries with wide access to ART • High mortality rate • Usually occurs with low CD4 count, but may occur with CD4 count >200 cells/μL and in those on ART • Rarely occurs in HIV-uninfected immuno-compromised persons • Reported in persons treated with immunomodulatory humanized antibodies (eg, natalizumab, efalizumab, infliximab, rituximab) www.aidsetc.org

  5. PML: Clinical Manifestations • Focal neurologic deficits, usually with insidious onset, steady progression over several weeks/months • Demyelinating lesions may involve any region of the brain • Common: occipital lobes (hemianopsia), frontal and parietal lobes (aphasia, hemiparesis, hemisensory deficits), cerebellar peduncles and deep white matter (dysmetria, ataxia) • Spinal cord involvement is rare • Lesions often multiple, though one may predominate • Headache and fever not characteristic (except in severe IRIS) • Seizures in 20% • Cognitive dysfunction may occur but diffuse encephalopathy or dementia is rare www.aidsetc.org

  6. PML: Diagnosis • Compatible clinical syndrome and radiographic findings allow presumptive diagnosis in most cases • Clinical: steady progression of focal neurological deficits • Imaging: MRI is preferred www.aidsetc.org

  7. PML: Diagnosis (2) • MRI distinct white matter lesions in brain areas corresponding to clinical deficits • Usually hyperintense on T2 and FLAIR, hypointense on T1 • Usually no mass effect • Contrast enhancement in 10-15% but usually sparse • IRIS PMN may have different appearance • Diffusion-weighted imaging and MR spectroscopy may give additional diagnositic information • CT scan: single or multiple hypodense, nonenhancing white matter lesions www.aidsetc.org

  8. PML: Diagnosis (3) PML, CT scan PML, MRI scan Credit: Images courtesy AIDS Images Library (www.aids-images.ch) www.aidsetc.org

  9. PML: Diagnosis (4) • Definitive diagnosis: valuable, especially for atypical cases • CSF evaluation for JC virus DNA (by PCR): helpful if positive; 70-90% sensitive in patients who are not on ART (lower in those on ART) • Brain biopsy: identification of JC virus; visualization of oligodendrocytes with intranuclear inclusions, bizarre astrocytes, lipid-laden macrophages • Serologic testing generally not useful, butnewer approaches under investigation www.aidsetc.org

  10. PML: Prevention • Preventing exposure • No known way to prevent exposure • Preventing disease • ART is the only effective way to prevent PML • Prevention of progressive immunosuppression caused by HIV www.aidsetc.org

  11. PML: Treatment • No specific therapy • Main approach: ART to reverse immune suppression • Start ART immediately for those not on ART; optimize ART in all on ART without suppression of HIV viremia • Effectiveness of ARVs with better CNS penetration is not established – likely that systemic efficacy is most important, via restoration of anti-JCV immunity • Effective ART stops PML progression in approximately 50% • Neurologic deficits often persist www.aidsetc.org

  12. PML: Treatment • Targeted treatments: no proven effective therapies • Cytarabine, cidofovir: studies show no clinical benefit; not recommended • 5HT2a receptor inhibitors: clinical trial data lacking; cannot be recommended • Interferon-alfa: no clinical benefit; cannot be recommended • Topotecan: limited data; not recommended www.aidsetc.org

  13. PML: Starting ART • ART should be started immediately upon diagnosis of PML • For persons on ART with HIV viremia, optimize ART to achieve HIV suppression www.aidsetc.org

  14. PML: Monitoring and Adverse Events • Monitor treatment response with clinical exam and MRI • If detectable JCV DNA in CSF before ART, may repeat quantitation of CSF JCV to assess treatment response (no clear guidelines) • If stable or improving, repeat MRI 6-8 weeks after ART initiation • If clinical worsening, repeat MRI promptly www.aidsetc.org

  15. PML: Monitoring and Adverse Events (2) PML IRIS (inflammatory PML) • PML may present within first weeks/months after ART initiation, associated with immune reconstitution • Both unmasking of cryptic PML and paradoxical worsening of known PML may occur • Features may be atypical, may include mass effect, edema, contrast enhancement on MRI, more rapid clinical course; perivascular mononuclear inflammatory infiltration on histopathology www.aidsetc.org

  16. PML: Monitoring and Adverse Events (3) • IRIS management: • Corticosteroids may be helpful if substantial inflammation, edema or mass effect, or clinical deterioration • Dosage not established; consider starting with 3- to 5-day course of methylprednisolone 1 g IV QD, followed by prednisone 60 mg PO QD tapered over 1-6 weeks, according to clinical response • Contrast-enhanced MRI at 2-6 weeks – document status of inflammation and edema • ART should be continued www.aidsetc.org

  17. PML: Treatment Failure • Clinical worsening and detection of JCV (without significant decrease) at 3 months • Optimize ART, if detectable HIV RNA and poor CD4 response • Consider unproven therapies (see “Treatment”) www.aidsetc.org

  18. PML: Preventing Recurrence • Effective ART regimen www.aidsetc.org

  19. PML: Considerations in Pregnancy • Diagnosis as in nonpregnant adults • Treatment: optimal ART www.aidsetc.org

  20. Websites to Access the Guidelines • http://www.aidsetc.org • http://aidsinfo.nih.gov www.aidsetc.org

  21. About This Slide Set • This presentation was prepared by Susa Coffey, MD, for the AETC National Resource Center in May 2013 • See the AETC NRC website for the most current version of this presentation: http://www.aidsetc.org www.aidsetc.org

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