Semana 10 -26 de Octubre

1. Semana 10 -26 de Octubre Organizaciones Internacionales I

2. Tarea 8: Proyecto de Resolución • Assignment – Due: 09-11 • Valor: 10% • El objetivo central del Modelo de Naciones Unidas es negociar un Proyecto de Resolución conjunto. Antes de que ocurra la negociación, cada equipo deberá someter a evaluación del docente su propia versión del Proyecto de Resolución según una guía de elaboración que será discutida en clase. • http://outreach.un.org/mun/guidebook/skills/drafting-resolutions/

3. Tarea 9: Preparación Model UN • Assignment – Due: 16-11 • Valor: 20% • El Modelo consiste en la realización de una simulación del debate político y el proceso legislativo de la Organización de Naciones Unidas. • Los participantes, denominados Delegados, actuaran como representantes oficiales del país asignado debiendo trabajar en equipo con el resto de integrantes de su Delegación para defender sus intereses nacionales. • Durante el Simulacro los delegados presentaran sus posiciones, propondrán soluciones, las debatirán, discutirán y negociaran con las otras Delegaciones con el objetivo de lograr aprobar un Proyecto de Resolución sobre el tema central del Modelo. • Normas Generales de Procedimiento • http://outreach.un.org/mun/guidebook/introduction/

4. Tarea 10: Artículo Final Wikipedia • Assignment – Due: 30-11 • Valor: 20% • Everyone should have finished all of the work they’ll do on Wikipedia, and be ready for grading.

5. Ensayo (Alternativa al Proyecto Wikipedia) • Ensayo critico de (máx.) cinco mil palabras sobre las Naciones Unidas. • Debe contener tres partes (además de la introducción y conclusión): • Un balance de los aspectos más relevantes de sus primeros 70 años (cumplidos el año pasado) • Un resumen de la situación actual haciendo énfasis en los principales problemas y retos. • Un análisis sobre la “ONU del Futuro” (Ejercicio de imaginación hacia dónde debería ir la Organización)

7. La Ruta hacia las Naciones Unidas • Bretton Woods Conference July 1 – 15, 1944 • http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/1998/09/boughton.htm • Dumbarton Oaks Conference August 21 – 29, 1944 • http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1944/441007a.html • United Nations Conference on International Organization April 25 – June 26, 1945 San Francisco, USA

8. United Nations Conference on International Organization

9. Algunos datos • This draft had been prepared by a 44-nation Committee of Jurists which had met in Washington in April 1945. • 850 delegates, and their advisers and staff together with the conference secretariat brought the total to 3,500 • More than 2,500 press, radio and newsreel representatives and observers from many societies and organizations • “…not only one of the most important in history but, perhaps, the largest international gathering ever to take place” • Then the proposed Charter was divided into four sections, each of which was considered by a "Commission." • Commission one dealt with the general purposes of the organization, its principles, membership, the secretariat and the subject of amendments to the Charter. • Commission two considered the powers and responsibilities of the General Assembly. • Commission three took up the Security Council. • Commission four worked on a draft for the Statute of the International Court of Justice. • The four Commissions subdivided into twelve technical committees • There were only ten plenary meetings of all the delegates but nearly 400 meetings of the committees

10. Controversias • The conference added a whole new chapter on the subject not covered by the Dumbarton Oaks proposals: proposals creating a system for territories placed under United Nations trusteeship. • There was also considerable debate on the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice and the conference decided that member nations would not be compelled to accept the Court's jurisdiction but might voluntarily declare their acceptance of compulsory jurisdiction. • Above all, the right of each of the "Big Five" to exercise a "veto" on action by the powerful Security Council provoked long and heated debate. At one stage the conflict of opinion on this question threatened to break up the conference. • “This and other vital issues were resolved only because every nation was determined to set up, if not the perfect international organization, at least the best that could possibly be made”

11. TheLast Meeting • Thus it was that in the Opera House at San Francisco on June 25, the delegates met in full session for the last meeting. • It would be appropriate to depart from the customary method of voting by a show of hands. Then, as the issue was put, every delegate rose and remained standing. So did everyone present, the staffs, the press and some 3000 visitors, and the hall resounded to a mighty ovation as the Chairman announced that the Charter had been passed unanimously. • "The Charter of the United Nations which you have just signed is a solid structure upon which we can build a better world. History will honor you for it. Between the victory in Europe and the final victory, in this most destructive of all wars, you have won a victory against war itself. . . . With this Charter the world can begin to look forward to the time when all worthy human beings may be permitted to live decently as free people. If we fail to use it we shall betray all those who have died so that we might meet here in freedom and safety to create it. If we seek to use it selfishly - for the advantage of any one nation or any small group of nations — we shall be equally guilty of that betrayal "

12. United Nations Day24 October • UN Day marks the anniversary of the entry into force in 1945 of the UN Charter. With the ratification of this founding document by the majority of its signatories, including the five permanent members of the Security Council, the United Nations officially came into being. • 24 October has been celebrated as United Nations Day since 1948. In 1971, the United Nations General Assembly recommended that the day be observed by Member States as a public holiday.

13. Estructura de la ONU • http://www.un.org/en/aboutun/structure/pdfs/UN_System_Chart_2015_Rev.4_ENG_11x17colour.pdf • Puntos Extra • Exponer -en 5 diapositivas y 15 minutos- un órgano subsidiario, fondo, programa u otra entidad de la Familia de las Naciones Unidas. • Historia • Funciones • Importancia

14. GENERAL ASSEMBLY • Comprising all 193 Members of the United Nations • Meets from September to December each year • Programa 2017 http://www.un.org/es/comun/docs/?symbol=A/71/251 • Debate general: https://gadebate.un.org/es

15. According to the Charter of the United Nations, the General Assembly may: • Consider and approve the United Nations budget and establish the financial assessments of Member States • Elect the non-permanent members of the Security Council and the members of other United Nations councils and organs and, on the recommendation of the Security Council, appoint the Secretary-General • Consider and make recommendations on the general principles of cooperation for maintaining international peace and security, including disarmament • Discuss any question relating to international peace and security and, except where a dispute or situation is currently being discussed by the Security Council, make recommendations on it • Discuss, with the same exception, and make recommendations on any questions within the scope of the Charter or affecting the powers and functions of any organ of the United Nations • Initiate studies and make recommendations to promote international political cooperation; the development and codification of international law; the realization of human rights and fundamental freedoms; and international collaboration in the economic, social, humanitarian, cultural, educational and health fields • Make recommendations for the peaceful settlement of any situation that might impair friendly relations among countries • Consider reports from the Security Council and other United Nations organs

16. Principios • The Assembly may also take action in cases of a threat to the peace, breach of peace or act of aggression, when the Security Council has failed to act owing to the negative vote of a permanent member. In such instances, according to its “Uniting for peace” resolution of 3 November 1950, the Assembly may consider the matter immediately and recommend to its Members collective measures to maintain or restore international peace and security. (See “Special sessions" and "Emergency special sessions”.) • Each of the 193 Member States in the Assembly has one vote. Votes taken on designated important issues – such as recommendations on peace and security, the election of Security Council and Economic and Social Council members, and budgetary questions – require a two-thirds majority of Member States, but other questions are decided by a simple majority.

17. Seis comisiones principales • La Primera Comisión (Desarme y Seguridad Internacional) • La Segunda Comisión (Asuntos Económicos y Financieros) • La Tercera Comisión (Asuntos Sociales, Humanitarios y Culturales) • La Cuarta Comisión (Política Especial y de Descolonización) • La Quinta Comisión (Asuntos Administrativos y Presupuestarios) • La Sexta Comisión (Jurídica) • Comités, Comisiones, Juntas, Consejos y Grupos, y Grupos de trabajo y otros.

18. Funciones y Poderes • La Declaración del Milenio http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/55/2 • Report: http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20Summary%20web_english.pdf • Agenda 2030 http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1

19. The United NationsDevelopment Agenda • TheCharter: firstparagraph and Article55 • a. higher standards of living, full employment, and conditions of economic and social progress and development; • b. solutions of international economic, social, health, and related problems; and international cultural and educational cooperation; • c. universal respect for, and obse

20. Development Agenda • Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos - Paris 10 December 1948 General Assembly resolution 217 A • Article 1. • All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

21. World Summit forChildren • Late in the 1990, proposed by UNICEF • One hundred and fifty-nine governments attended, including 71 Heads of State or Government. • A World Declaration and a Plan of Action for the survival, protection and development of children were adopted • The Declaration adopted by the Children’s Summit made ten Commitments • The Summit also endorsed seven explicit goals • The Plan of Action adopted policy recommendations for working towards the goals.

22. Goals, commitments and plans of action • United Nations Conference on Environment and Development known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992 • Conventions on Climate Change and Biological Diversity • The International Conference on Financing for Development held in Monterrey, Mexico, in March 2002 • Monterrey Consensus, governments committed themselves and the multilateral system to action on domestic resource mobilization, private resource flows, Official Development Assistance (ODA), trade, debt, and governance of the global economic system.

23. MDG vs SDG