The Middle Ages 1066-1485

1. The Middle Ages1066-1485

2. After the Norman Invasion England (and the world) would forever be changed… This was due to one man…

3. William, Duke of Normandy also known as William the Conqueror

4. His Claim to the English Throne… • William, Duke of Normandy claimed the English throne • Promised to him by King Edward the Confessor • However, William’s half brother, Harold, was crowned after Edward’s death.

5. William, cont. • Learned that his throne had been taken; began preparing for invasion. • Attacks England at Hastings; defeats the Anglo-Saxons and Harold • William crowned King William I on Christmas Day in 1066

6. William’s Reign • Ruled England for 21years • Fused a strong French government and military with culture of Anglo-Saxons • William wanted to rule the Anglo-Saxons; not eliminate them. • Because of this, England had, and still has, a culture influenced by both Norman and Anglo-Saxon culture and language.

7. The Feudal System • William introduced the Feudal System • system based on landholding by a lord or king, rented land in returnfor allegiance and military service • It was a caste system (class structure determined by birth)

8. Feudalism King: all powerful overlord and landowner Lord: noble who had power to grant land to vassals; Vassal: aristocratic dependent tenant who received land from a lord in exchange for military service. Knight: armored warrior; vassals provided their lords with military service; the larger the land grant, the more knights a Vassal had to supply the king Serf: peasant who worked on, and were bound to vassals’ lands.

9. Land Money andknights Protection and Military Service Land Land Food and services and protection

10. The Feudal System, cont. • The Feudal System led to many disputes over property; in 1086 an inventory of every piece of property (this included the number or cattle, chickens, etc. that a man owned) was created • This inventory was the Domesday Book. • Settled disputes over property.

11. Domesday, cont. • Title represented both William’s judgment of his subject’s financial worth and God’s judgment on their moral worth • First time in European History that taxes were based on what an individual owned. (this book still exists in London)

12. The Domesday Book • http://clearlyexplained.com/answers/domesday-book.jpg

13. Knighthood • Boys trained at early age for knighthood (began around 7 years). • Training usually took place in a home other than their own for stricter environment. • Parents had to be wealthy enough to buy horse, armor, and weapons.

14. Knighthood, cont. • Knights often sons of noblemen • Instructed in good manners, social skills, such as singing, dancing, and playing chess • Learned to use a sword and shield • At about age of 14, a boy would become a squire (personal assistant to a knight) • When training was completed, was ceremonially tapped on the shoulder; youth was a man with the title “Sir” and had all the rights of the warrior caste

15. The Burden of Armor • Some suits weighed up to 120 pounds • The armor could be as fatal as the enemy. • Death from suffocation, heart failure, and drowning were as common as wounds from the enemy. • Battles usually scheduled to allow knights time to dress

16. 1. Helm (Helmet) 2. Gorget 3. Pauldrons 4. Spaulders 5. Chainmaille (Gussets) 6. Vambrace 7. Gauntlets 8. Breastplate 9. Faulds (Tassets) 10. Kneecup 11. Greaves 12. Sabatons (Solorets) 13. Coif 14. Arming Cap 15. Gambeson 16. Haubergeon (Hauberk)

17. Code of Chivalry • The word chivalry comes from the French chevalier, meaning “horseman” or “knight.” • the ethical code of conduct by which knights were supposedly guided • military prowess(skill), valor (courage) and loyalty to God and the knight’s feudal lord • called for courtesy toward enemies and generosity toward the sick and oppressed, widows, and other disadvantaged people

18. Chivalry, cont. • The chivalric codecombined Christian virtues with military virtues • The rules included: 1) Loyalty to overlord 2) Rules of warfare 3) Adoration of a lady(typically older, married, and of higher social status than the knight)

20. Courtly Love • Court: the extended household and all those who regularly attended on the ruler • The ideal form of courtly love was non-sexual • A knight might wear his lady’s colors in battle or compose poetry / song • Lady always was “pure and out of reach” This lady represented the ideal. • This relationship was modeled on the feudal relationship between a knight and his liege lord (serves his courtly lady with the same obedience and loyalty)

21. Courtly Love, cont. • She is in complete control of the love relationship, while he owes her obedience and submission • The knight's love for the lady inspireshim to do great deeds, in order to be worthy of her love or to win her favor.

22. Courtly Love, cont. • Poets and story tellers used idea of courtly love for plots. • literary model of courtly love may have been invented to provide young men with a model for appropriate behavior. • taught bored young knights to control their desires and to channel their energy into socially useful behavior

23. Medieval Literature • Chivalry and Courtly Love brought new literature, the Romance. • A narrative that traces adventures of a brave knight or other hero; has to overcome danger for the love of a noble lady or some other high ideal/ morals • Idealized heroes fight and always conquer evil during their quest Examples:King Arthur, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight • A romantic herois larger than life figure, usually of mysterious origins, who performs extraordinary deeds with the aid of magic.

24. Literature, cont. • The Ballad background: Medieval population grew; larger number of people began living in towns and cities; developed the city classes - lower, middle and upper middle; a “people’s art” began to emerge. • City people were free, not tied to land; their point of view expressed in ballads

25. Literature, cont. • Ballads are songs, or songlike poems that tell a story in a rhythmic language. There is a regular rhythm and rhyme, language is simple and direct. • Every ballad includes certain features: *tragic subject matter *omitteddetails, *supernatural events * a refrain, or a repeated word, line, or group of lines. • From French word meaning “dancing song”

26. And the Assignment Is… • Alone/pairs/groups of 3: • You have a choice: 1) Create a Recruitment Sign for joining the knighthood (using the requirements listed in your notes) OR 2) Create a Rules of Courtly Love (dating) in the 21st Century poster **Must be school appropriate rules of dating or you will receive an automatic zero ** When finished, continue working on your personal Coat of Arms (due at the beginning of class tomorrow)

27. Individual Coat of Arms • Obtain a Coat of Arms handout from the podium • Create your own COA including: • An important place • A hobby/activity • An animal • Other symbol • Write your personal motto in the ribbon at the top • Must have some color • Write a paragraph to explain your selections (there are five) on the back of your COA.