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Describing and Measuring Motion: Distance, Speed, and Acceleration

Learn how to describe and measure motion using distance, speed, and acceleration. Discover how to convert units, calculate speed and acceleration, and graph motion.

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Describing and Measuring Motion: Distance, Speed, and Acceleration

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  1. Table of Contents • Describing and Measuring Motion • Slow Motion on Planet Earth • Acceleration

  2. - Describing and Measuring Motion Describing Motion • Whether or not an object is in motion depends on the reference point you choose.

  3. - Describing and Measuring Motion Measuring Distance • You can measure distances shorter than 1 meter in centimeters. The wingspan of the butterfly is 7 cm.

  4. Use a conversion factor to convert one metric unit to another. A conversion factor is a fraction in which the numerator and denominator represent equal amounts in different units. Multiply the number you want to convert by the conversion factor. Suppose you want to know how many millimeters (mm) are in 15.5 meters (m). Since there are 1,000 millimeters in 1 meter, the conversion factor is: 1,000 mm/1 m Multiply 14.5 meters by the conversion factor to find millimeters. 14.5 m X 1,000 mm/1 m = 14.5 X 1,000 mm = 14,500 mm - Describing and Measuring Motion Converting Units

  5. Practice Problem How many centimeters are in 22.5 meters? 22.5 m = 2,250 cm - Describing and Measuring Motion Converting Units

  6. - Describing and Measuring Motion Calculating Speed • If you know the distance an object travels in a certain amount of time, you can calculate the speed of the object.

  7. - Describing and Measuring Motion Graphing Motion • You can show the motion of an object on a line graph in which you plot distance versus time.

  8. - Describing and Measuring Motion Graphing Motion Activity • Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about graphing motion.

  9. - Describing and Measuring Motion Using Prior Knowledge • Before you read, write what you know about motion in a graphic organizer like the one below. As you read, write what you learn. What You Know A moving object changes position. Objects move at different speeds. What You Learned Motion is compared to a reference point. The SI unit of length is the meter.

  10. - Describing and Measuring Motion Velocity • Click the Video button to watch a movie about velocity.

  11. - Describing and Measuring Motion Data Sharing Lab • Click the PHSchool.com button for an activity about sharing data for the Skills Lab Inclined to Roll.

  12. End of Section:Describing and Measuring Motion

  13. - Acceleration Calculating Acceleration • To determine the acceleration of an object moving in a straight line, you must calculate the change in speed per unit of time.

  14. As a roller-coaster car starts down a slope, its speed is 4 m/s. But 3 seconds later, at the bottom, its speed is 22 m/s. What is its average acceleration? Read and Understand What information have you been given? Initial speed = 4 m/s Final Speed = 22 m/s Time = 3 s - Acceleration Calculating Acceleration

  15. As a roller-coaster car starts down a slope, its speed is 4 m/s. But 3 seconds later, at the bottom, its speed is 22 m/s. What is its average acceleration? Plan and Solve What quantity are you trying to calculate? The average acceleration of the roller-coaster car = __ What formula contains the given quantities and the unknown quantity? Acceleration = (Final speed – Initial speed)/Time Perform the calculation. Acceleration = (22 m/s – 4 m/s)/3 s = 18 m/s/3s Acceleration = 6 m/s2 The roller-coaster car’s average acceleration is 6 m/s2. - Acceleration Calculating Acceleration

  16. As a roller-coaster car starts down a slope, its speed is 4 m/s. But 3 seconds later, at the bottom, its speed is 22 m/s. What is its average acceleration? Look Back and Check Does your answer make sense? The answer is reasonable. If the car’s speed increases by 6 m/s each second, its speed will be 10 m/s after 1 second, 16 m/s after 2 seconds, and 22 m/s after 3 seconds. - Acceleration Calculating Acceleration

  17. Practice Problem A falling raindrop accelerates from 10 m/s to 30 m/s in 2 seconds. What is the raindrop’s average acceleration? (30 m/s – 10 m/s) ÷ 2 seconds = 10 m/s2 - Acceleration Calculating Acceleration

  18. Practice Problem A certain car can accelerate from rest to 2.7 m/s in 9 seconds. Find the car’s average acceleration. (27 m/s – 0 m/s) ÷ 9 s = 27 m/s ÷ 9 s = 3 m/s2 - Acceleration Calculating Acceleration

  19. - Acceleration Graphing Acceleration • You can use both a speed-versus-time graph and a distance-versus-time graph to analyze the motion of an accelerating object.

  20. - Acceleration Identifying Main Ideas • As you read the section “What is Acceleration?”, write the main idea in a graphic organizer like the one below. Then write three supporting details that further explain the main idea. Main Idea In science, acceleration refers to... Detail Detail Detail Increasing speed Decreasing speed Changing direction

  21. - Acceleration Links on Acceleration • Click the SciLinks button for links on acceleration.

  22. End of Section:Acceleration

  23. Graphic Organizer Motion is described relative to a is measured by Reference point Distance ÷ Time in a given direction is called equals Speed Velocity

  24. End of Section:Graphic Organizer

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