Brave New World by Aldous Huxley

1. Brave New Worldby Aldous Huxley A satirical piece of fiction, not scientific prophecy

2. The term “Brave New World” comes from a quote in Shakespeare’s play “The Tempest” (Act 5, scene 1)“O wonder!How many goodly creatures are there here! How beauteous mankind is! O, brave new worldThat has such people in’t!” -Miranda, The TempestYet, characters in the novel are forbidden to read Shakespeare!

3. A piece of literature designed to ridicule the subject of the work. • While satire can be funny, its aim is not to amuse, but to arouse contempt. • Ridicule, irony, exaggeration, and several other techniques are almost always present. What is satire?

4. Three types of humor that contribute to a tragic mode. • Gallows humor includes Catch 22, Catcher in the Rye, Fargo, The Loved One, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, Portnoy’s Complaint, Pulp Fiction, Slaughterhouse 5, and The World According to Garp. • Horatian Satire is mild and amusing. It is named for Horace, the Roman poet and writer who lived 65-08 BCE. Contemporary examples include Animal Farm, Brave New World, Gulliver’s Travels, Little Big Man, Lysistrata, and The Screwtape Letters • Juvenalian Satire is harsh and bitter. It is named for the Latin author Juvenal, who lived in the 1st and early 2nd Centuries A.D. Contemporary examples include 1984, Clockwork Orange, Fahrenheit 451, Lord of the Flies, and A Modest Proposal Tragedy, Irony, and Satire

5. Utopian and Dystopian Literature ELF 40S Ms. Van Den Bussche

6. A Utopia is a place or society that appears perfect in every way. • The government is perfect, working to improve societies standards of living rather then their own, social aspects of the community run perfectly. • There is no war or disease, only peace and happiness. Everyone outside this Utopian society looks to this place in wonder and awe, believing it is completely perfect in every such way. What is Utopia?

7. Dystopia came from the term Utopia. • It defines a place or society which is in complete chaos. • The citizens are all suffering and are miserable. • Often times in novels what appears to be a Utopian society it first by the visiting protagonist is actually revealed to be a dystopian society. • The citizens are often revealed to live in terror, under complete control by the government, unaware of corrupt world in which they actually live in, or suppressed by the society as a whole. What is Dystopia?

10. Some Famous/Important Dystopian Novels

11. “Utopias appear to be much easier torealize than one formerly believed.We currently face a question thatwould otherwise fill us withanguish: How to avoid their becomingdefinitively real?The utopias are attainable. Life marches towards the utopias. And it can be that a new century begins, a century where the intellectuals and the educated class will dream means to avoid the utopias and to return a non-utopian society, less ‘perfect’ and ‘free’.” Nicolas Berdiaeff Commentary on Brave New World – translated from French

12. Aldous Huxley was born in England in 1894, grandson of the prominent biologist T.H. Huxley and brother of Julian Huxley, also a biologist. Huxley first studied at Eton College but later went to Balliol College in Oxford. At 16, he suffered months of blindness but one eye recovered and with special glasses he completed his studies. He majored in English when he was unable to pursue his chosen career as a scientist.Published his first novel in 1921, a novel about pretentious intellectuals. This was followed by several more satiric novels, establishing Huxley’s reputation as a critic of Western civilization.BNW is Huxley’s most famous novel.Moved to U.S. in 1937.Died in California in 1963 on the same day JFK was assassinated.

13. HISTORICAL TIMELINE Historical Context • 1879: The first psychological laboratory opens in Germany • 1886: Freud opens his psychology practice in Austria, experimenting with techniques such as hypnosis, free association, and dream analysis. From 1900-1905, he publishes his major works on psychoanalysis, also known as the "talking cure." Freud argued that awareness of the unconscious mindis essential to understanding conscious thought and behavior. The unconscious mind might be defined as that part of the mind which gives rise to a collection of mental phenomena that manifest in a person's mind but which the person is not aware of at the time of their occurrence. These phenomena include unconscious feelings, unconscious or automatic skills, unnoticed perceptions, unconscious thoughts, unconscious habits and automatic reactions, complexes, hidden phobias and concealed desires. • 1900: Gregor Mendel’s scientific work on genetic inheritance is rediscovered: The biological techniques used to control the populace in Brave New World do not include genetic engineering; Huxley wrote the book before the structure of DNA was known. However, Gregor Mendel's work with inheritance patterns in peas had been re-discovered in 1900 and the eugenics movement, based on artificial selection, was well established. Huxley's family included a number of prominent biologists including Thomas Huxley, half-brother and Nobel LaureateAndrew Huxley, and brother Julian Huxley who was a biologist and involved in the eugenics movement. Nonetheless, Huxley emphasizes conditioning; as science writer Matt Ridley put it, Brave New World describes an “environmental not a genetic hell.” Human embryos and fetuses are conditioned via a carefully designed regimen of chemical (such as exposure to hormones and toxins), thermal (exposure to intense heat or cold, as one's future career would dictate), and other environmental stimuli…

14. 1900’s-20's: Introduction of chewing gum, radio, movies, and advertising: The Industrial Revolution transformed the world. Mass production made cars, telephones, and radios relatively cheap and widely available throughout the developed world. The political, cultural, economic and sociological upheavals of the then-recent Russian Revolution of 1917 and the First World War (1914–1918) resonated throughout the world as a whole and the individual lives of most people. Accordingly, many of the novel's characters named after widely-recognized influential people of the time, for example, Polly Trotsky, BenitoHoover, Lenina and FannyCrowne, MustaphaMond, HelmholtzWatson, and BernardMarx. • 1930's-40's: Rise of Fascism and Communism: the dictatorships of Hitler (German head of state from 1934-1945), Stalin (in power in the Soviet Union from 1924-1953), and Mussolini (Italian head of state from 1943-45). Stalin launched a command economy, replacing the New Economic Policy of the 1920s with Five-Year Plans and launching a period of rapid industrialization and economic collectivization. The upheaval in the agricultural sector disrupted food production, resulting in widespread famine, including the catastrophic Soviet famine of 1932–1933. • 1931--Brave New World written: Huxley is inspired by travels to America and a visit to the newly opened and technologically advanced Brunner and Mond plant, part of Imperial Chemical Industries, or ICI, Billingham, and gives a fine and detailed account of the processes he saw. 1932--Brave New World published: Brave New World was inspired by the H. G. Wells's utopian novel Men Like Gods. Wells' optimistic vision of the future gave Huxley the idea to begin writing a parody of the novel, which became Brave New World. Contrary to the most popular optimist utopian novels of the time, Huxley sought to provide a frightening vision of the future. Huxley referred to Brave New World as a “negative utopia.” Historical Context Continued…

15. The Characters in Brave New World literally “worship” Henry Ford Henry Ford developed the concept of the assembly line. For the first time in history products could be mass produced for consumption. Ford also had strict standards of behavior for his employees. He spied on them in their personal lives and if they didn’t meet his standards they were fired.

16. Henry Ford (1863 - 1947) was from Detroit, Michigan, USA and made his first car in his back yard in 1896. After several false starts, the Ford Motor Company was formed in 1903. The first product was the Model A, introduced in the same year. Their most successful product ever, the Model T, came out in September 1908. The Model T was the world's most successful car of the pre-WWII era. Between 1908 and 1927, sales outstripped any other with over 15 million cars and commercial vehicles produced world-wide...  approximately 100,000 Model-Ts survive... they were available in a variety of body styles; however, the basic mechanical specification was the same in each. 

17. THE MODEL-T AND THE ASSEMBLY LINE

18. THE MODEL-T AND THE ASSEMBLY LINE

19. “Reading Brave New World elicits the same disturbing feelings in the reader which the society it depicts has vanquished.” What does this mean?

20. Huxley exploits anxieties about Soviet Communism and American capitalism. • The price of universal happiness will be the sacrifice of honored shibboleths(a custom, principle, or belief distinguishing a particular class or group of people regarded as no longer important) of our culture: “motherhood,”“home,”“family,”“freedom,” even “love.”

21. Mustapha Mond, Resident Controller of Western Europe, governs a society where all aspects of an individual's life are determined by the state, beginning with conception and conveyor-belt reproduction. • A government bureau, the Predestinators, decides all roles in the hierarchy. • Children are not “born.” Eggs are fertilized in a laboratory and fetuses mature in bottles. The babies are then “decanted” and taken out of the bottle. There are no such things as marriage or love or family. • Children are raised and conditioned by the state bureaucracy, not brought up by natural families. • There are only 10,000 surnames. • Citizens must not fall in love, marry, or have their own kids.

22. 5 Castes in Society Members of this society are “conditioned” to like their caste through sleep conditioning- a recording playing while they sleep tells them what to like and how to think. Sex is only for recreation NOT procreation. Words like “mother” and “father” are considered dirty words that make everyone in the society uncomfortable.

23. Brave New World is centered around both control and manipulation • He instills the fear that a future world state may rob us of the right to be unhappy. • Huxley warns, “This is possible; for heaven’s sake be careful about it!”

24. This novel is more applicable today than it was in 1932. This is a time of: Propaganda, censorship, conformity, genetic engineering, social conditioning, and mindless entertainment. • This was what Huxley saw in our future. His book is a warning. • But is it prophetic? Can we ignore the similarities between Huxley’s imaginary world and our current, real world? • Test tube babies • Cloned animals • Genetically engineered fruits and vegetables • Dependence on technology

25. Consider the number of ads for prescription drugs, which are permitted only in the United States and New Zealand • Doctors and consumer advocates believe these ads drive up health-care costs and seduce millions into asking their MDs for drugs they don’t need for diseases they had never before heard of, like restless leg syndrome Do we have a modern soma?

27. Setting: 2540 AD; referred to in the novel as 632 years AF (“After Ford”), meaning 632 years after production of the first Model T car • Narration: Third-person omniscient • Point-of-View: Narrated in the third person from the point of view of Bernard or John, but also from the point of view of Lenina, Helmholtz Watson, and Mustapha Mond

28. Critical Reception: At the time of Publication “After the Age of Utopias came what we may call the American Age, lasting as long as the Boom. Men like Ford or Mond seemed to many to have solved the social riddle and made capitalism the common good...Brave New World is more of a revolt against Utopia than against [traditional values].” -British Press, 1935 "It is not easy to become interested in the scientifically imagined details of life in this mechanical Utopia.  Nor is there compensation in the amount of attention that he gives to the abundant sex life of these denatured human beings." -Times Literary Supplement, 1932 "Brave New World  is inert as a work of art: nothing can bring it alive." - New Statesman and Nation, 1932 "[He] has money, social position, talent, friends, prestige and he is effectively insulated from the misery of the masses.  Of course he wants something to worry about--even if he has to go to a long, long way to find it...Mr. Huxley must have his chance to suffer and be brave." -The New Republic, 1932

29. "Mr. Huxley is eloquent in his declaration of an artist's faith in man, and it is his eloquence, bitter in attack, noble in defense, that, when one has closed the book, one remembers." -Saturday Review of Literature "A fantastic racy narrative, full of much excellent satire and literary horseplay." -Forum "It is as sparkling, as provocative, as brilliant, in the appropriate sense, as impressive as the day it was published.  This is in part because its prophetic voice has remained surprisingly contemporary, both in its particular forecasts and in its general tone of semiserious alarm.  But it is much more because the book succeeds as a work of art...This is surely Huxley's best book." -Martin Green Contemporary Critical Reception

30. Although the novel was originally published in 1932, the themes in Brave New World are quite relevant to the world in which we live today. Some would even call this novel prophetic, considering the present state of things: brain-numbing advances in technology and the internet; our tendency to waste time on meaningless diversions such as television and video games; consumerism surpassing religion (take Christmas, for example); promiscuity surpassing morality; issues of eugenics, cloning, stem-cell research and genetic engineering; and, most strikingly, the overly-prescribed and overly-used medications such as anti-depressants and sleeping pills, so like the fictional “Soma” of Huxley’s novel.

31. Huxley on advertising, the media, and propaganda "This is rather alarming that you're being persuaded below the level of choice and reason... Advertisement plays a necessary role but the danger of it to a democracy is this: a democracy depends on the individual voter making a rational choice for enlightened self-interest. What these people are doing [advertisers] when their purpose is selling goods, what the dictatorial propagandists are doing, is to try to bypass the rational side of humanity and to appeal directly to these unconscious forces below the surface--so that you are in a way making nonsense of the democratic procedure which is based on conscious choice on rational grounds... Today's children walk around singing beer commercials and toothpaste commercials."  

33. BRAND ALPHABET

34. Is it better to be free than to be happy? • Is freedom compatible with happiness? • Is the collective more important than the individual? • Can children be taught effectively to think in only one certain way? • Can young people be taught so well that they never question their teachings later? • Is stability more important than freedom? • Can alterations made by advanced science to mankind be made permanent at the DNA-level? • Can mankind be conditioned by science? • Should the individual be limited/controlled for the greater good? If so, how much? Essential Questions to connect the literature to today’s culture:

35. “Universal happiness keeps the wheels steadily turning; truth and beauty can’t.” - Aldous Huxley

36. “Manmade utopia is an oxymoron.”- Mike Duran