Understanding Motherboard Components: CPU, Memory, Slots, and More

1. MODULE 5

2. Main Components of Motherboard • CPU Socket & Memory Slots • ISA, PCI & AGP Expansion Slots • CMOS Battery • Power Connectors • Memory Slots • Chipset • Serial/ Parallel/ USB etc ports.

3. Industry Standard Architecture (ISA)

4. ISA Contd… • First open system bus architecture. • IBM introduced this 8-bit bus architecture in 1981. It had transfer rate of 4 MB/sec. • in 1984, with the release of the 286 data processor which used a 16-bit data path, the ISA bus was expanded to 16 bits, with data rate 8MB/Sec. • A major disadvantage of this bus was that IRQs had be manually defined through jumpers .

5. Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI Slots)

6. PCI Contd.. • Introduced by Intel in 1992. Widely in use today. • Requires an additional bridge chip to connect to the I/O of the CPU. • Operates on 33MHz, & capable of transferring data at 132 MB/sec.

7. PCI Contd.. • Important feature of PCI is the model for the PNP (Plug-n-Play) specification, which means that PCI cards could be configured via software, rather than through jumpers as was the case with ISA cards.

8. Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)

9. AGP Contd.. • The AGP port is a dedicated graphics port based on PCI. • It’s a dedicated point-to-point channel that enables the graphics controller to access main memory, bypassing the bottleneck of the PCI bus. • It allows textures to be stored in main memory rather than video memory.

10. AGP Contd.. • The AGP channel is 32 bits wide and • Runs at 66 MHz, giving a bandwidth of 266 MB/sec. • AGP also supports two optional faster modes, giving throughputs of 533 MB/sec and 1.07 GB/sec.

12. Random Access Memory (RAM) Old 72-pin SIMM-type memory sockets 168-pin DIMM-type memory sockets

13. RAM CHIPS

14. Single In-line Memory Module (SIMM) • A SIMM is a small circuit board designed to hold a set of RAM chips. • Two types of SIMM's have been in general use. 30-pin SIMM's and 72-pin SIMM's. • 30-bit SIMM's have 8-bit data buses; 72-pin SIMM's have 32-bit data buses.

15. Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM) • DIMMs have separate electrical contacts on each side of the module. • DIMMs have a 64-bit data path.

16. Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics (EIDE slot)

18. EIDE Contd.. • Enhanced (sometimes "Expanded") IDE is a standard electronic interface between your computer and its mass storage drives. • Makes it possible to address a hard disk larger than 528 Mbytes. • EIDE also provides faster access to the hard drive, support for Direct Memory Access (DMA), and additional drives, including CD-ROM

19. Analog Audio Input Connectors

20. Analog Audio Input Connectors • These are typically used for CD ROM drives. Since the CD ROM drive can deliver audio via the 40-pin IDE connection, the analog audio connectors are not generally needed. If you have a video capture card, you may need to use the analog audio input to get the sound into the computer.

21. front panel switches and LEDs

22. front panel switches and LEDs • There are typically 4 connections (hard drive LED, power/message LED, power switch and reset switch). • The LED connections are polarity sensitive (if connected in reverse, the LEDs will not work). • The colored wire is generally positive and the white/black wire is negative.

23. I/O Ports

24. Mouse & Keyboard Connectors

25. AT motherboard Power Supply

26. ATX Power

27. ATX Power

28. Chipset • A chipset or chip set refers to a group of integrated circuits, or chips, that are designed to work together. • The chipset is the heart of the computer and is the hub for all data transfer. It determines how fast components like the processor, memory, keyboard and various plug-ins can function in relation to each other

29. Chipset

30. Northbridge • The actual function of a chipset is to communicate between all components of the modern PC. • The Northbridge usually contains the CPU interface and the memory controller, sometimes the graphics unit is also on the Northbridge.

31. Southbridge • The southbridge mainly deals with Input Output devces. • The Southbridge contains at least a PCI controller, floppy/ IDE/ hard disk controllers, serial and parallel ports, USB support and power management functions.

34. BIOS

35. BIOS • A BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is an electronic set of instructions that a computer uses to successfully start operating. • A main function of the BIOS is to give instructions for the power-on self test (POST). • It gives the computer basic information about how to interact with some critical components, such as drives and memory

36. ZIF Socket

37. ZIF Contd.. • ZIF is an acronym for zero insertion force, a concept used in the design of IC sockets, invented to avoid problems caused by applying force upon insertion and extraction.

38. ZIF Contd..

39. ZIF Contd..

40. CPU Fan Connector

41. CPU Fan Connector

47. Hard Disk Storage

48. Objectives • In this chapter, you will: • Understand how hard drives read and write data • Know the difference between tracks, sectors, and cylinders • Understand the difference between high-level and low-level formatting • Identify the major internal components and understand the workings of a typical hard drive • Identify cables and connectors used with hard drives

49. Definition • A hard disk drive is a sealed unit that a PC uses for nonvolatile data storage. • A hard disk drive contains rigid, disk-shaped platters, usually constructed of aluminum or glass

50. Drive Operation • The basic physical construction of a hard disk drive consists of spinning disks with heads that move over the disks and store data in tracks and sectors. • The heads read and write data in concentric rings called tracks, which are divided up into segments called sectors, which normally store 512 bytes each.