KIP - ASVT

1. KIP - ASVT Systems Models Systems Engineering

2. System approach • System approach: way of thinking and problem solving based on complex treatment of phenomena and processes, taking into account both internal and external links. • Methodical, objective: understand, appropriately formulate and solve a problem • Tools: models, simulation

3. Common characteristics of systems • Systems have a structure that is defined by its parts and processes. • Systems are generalizations of reality. • Systems tend to function in the same way. This involves the inputs and outputs of material (energy and/or matter) that is then processed causing it to change in some way. • The various parts of a system have functional as well as structural relationships between each other.

4. Basics of system approach • System is more than the sum of its parts • We analyze the system to be able to predict its behaviour • The main purpose of the system is that in favour of which we can sacrifice other objectives. • Every system is an information system: it must analyze the flow of information • It may be advisable to decompose complex system into subsystems, which are then treated individually and in the end again as one whole. • System is a dynamic network of interconnected elements. The change in one element results in changes other elements. • The system boundary can change according to the goal of the analysis.

5. Systems – basic concepts 1 • system – set of elements and their mutual links that exhibit specific behaviour as a whole • structure – way of arrangement of elements and their links • subsystem – subset of elements with stronger or more numerous links • environment – elements not belonging to the system, but having links to its elements (however weaker then within the system) • input – action from the environment to the system • output - action from the system to its environment • process – transformation input output

6. Systems – basic concepts 2 • feedback – link monitoring outputs and feeding information to input • closed system - system without inputs and outputs (not interacting with its environment) • open system – has inputs and outputs, exchanges mass, energy, information with its environment • static system – neither system nor its elements change with time • dynamic system - system and/or its elements change in time • control, regulation – evaluation of inputs, processes and output and doing changes

7. System

8. System as a black box

9. System with feedback • negative – system stabilization • positive – amplification of the response Try to find examples of both kinds of feedback INPUT OUTPUT SYSTEM FEEDBACK

10. Systems thinking • Hard systems • Soft systems • Evolutionary systems

11. Hard systems • Useful for problems that can justifiably be quantified. However it cannot easily take into account unquantifiable variables (opinions, culture, politics, etc), and may treat people as being passive, rather than having complex motivations. • Tools: simulations, computer modelling, techniques of operations research.

12. Soft systems • Cannot easily be quantified, especially those involving people holding multiple and conflicting frames of reference. Useful for understanding motivations, viewpoints, and interactions and addressing qualitative as well as quantitative dimensions of problem situations. • Tools: Morphological analysis as a method for structuring and analysing non-quantifiable problem complexes.

13. Evolutionary systems • Methodology applicable to the design of complex social systems; open, complex systems with potential capacity to evolve over time. • Tools: multidisciplinarity, chaos, complexity, emergence, cybernetics, cultural anthropology, evolutionary theory, and others.

14. Notes - management • Hard management – command and control, rigid organizational structures • Soft management – leadership, mentoring, coaching, networking

15. General system theory • interdisciplinary approach • study of complexity and relationof the whole to its parts (holism) Ludwig von Bertalanffy, Kenneth Boulding attempt to find common features of complex systems across disciplines; later on certain resignation on possibility of finding universal system principles and laws

16. Applied system disciplines • Operations research • Systems analysis • Cybernetics • Methodology of „soft“ systems • Systems engineering • Development of IS • ....

17. Operations research • Development and utilization of mathematical models indecision-making • Problem statement • Model building • Finding solution from models • Solution implementation and control

18. Systems analysis • focused on system knowledge; distinguish principle features of the system, general from individual; • tools: decomposition, analysis and synthesis warning: the whole is more than sum of its parts

19. Cybernetics from Greek - steering Nobert Wiener, 1945 • Cybernetics studies systems that can be mapped using loops in networks modeling information flows. • Systems of automatic control must use at least one feedback loop

20. Example 1 - controller • 1868 James Clerk Maxwell analyzed “steam engine with controlled under variable load" as a system of non-linear differential equations and concluded that, depending on equations coefficients, the system behaviour will be described by one of the five following patterns:

21. 1 - damping (1) The velocity is smoothly adjusted to desired value (the best possible response):

22. 2 – damped oscillations (2) The velocity is adjusted to desired value after some oscillations (acceptable response):

23. 3 - oscillations (3) permanent oscillations – ineffective response:

24. 4 – non-dumped oscillations (4) oscillates with growing amplitude until the explosion:

25. 5 - explosion or (5) straightly explodes:

26. Feedback • Negative (1,2) –system stability , homeostasis, frequent in technical and live systems • Positive (4,5) – response amplification, welcome e.g. in economics – multiplication effects, synergic phenomena

27. Example 2 - Thermostat • Input – gas supplied by gasworks • Output - heat • Process – temperature monitoring, sending signal to switch the burner on/off; gas is burned and warm air is delivered to the living room • Feedback – if the temperature falls below / raise above the setpoint, the thermostat sends signal to switch the burner on/off

28. Example 3- Family finance • Input –incomes from salaries, gifts, lotteries ... • Process – saving money in banks, cash/credit card payments, recording expenses, budgeting • Output – bought products and services (energy, rent, insurance, food, home equipment, culture, ...) • Feedback – bank statements, comparing incomes with spendings, changing the household economy.

29. Methodology of soft systems Extending application of system approaches to social systems • reflects subjective interests and attitudes including fuzziness related to subjective interpretation of information and vagueness of the language (hard methods are successful only for well structured, deterministic problems) • builds on achievements of biology, informatics, psychology, anthropology, linguistics, etc. • cognitive science (P. Thaggard) • holism, emergency, synergetics vs. reductionism

30. Systems classification (taxonomy) growing complexity Transcendent systems Social systems Man Animals Genetic systems Open systems Cybernetic systems Mechanical systems Physical systems LIVE SYSTEMS Symbolic functions, information INANIMATE SYSTEMS Mass and energy

31. System and order • Order: an arrangement of system elements and links allowing to predict its future behaviour  system can be controlled even with incomplete knowledge of all its elements and links • Order is based on knowledge; however, due to our intervention into the system it needn’t have character of the law of nature • Deterministic chaos, thriving on chaos (T. Peters) • Complex systems, holism, emergence, synergy

32. Holism • Considers the whole system, in its environment, through its whole life • System of Interest, collection of elements with a common identify, e.g. product, organization. • Viable system, must include everything needed to maintain its existence and achieve its goals. • Consequences of Holism: • The viability of a product generally relies upon interactions outside of its immediate (product) boundary. • Systems are engineered within the context of one or more “containing systems”.

33. Emergence • The whole entity exhibits a property which is meaningful only when attributed to the whole and NOT to one of its parts • Emergent properties vary with environment and relationships to related systems. • Consequences of Emergence • no guarantee of benefit from optimising parts of the system, or even all of the components independently • Changing the elements or interactions within a system may effect its properties, this can cause emergent properties to change at a number of system levels.

34. Systems engineering

35. A magician takes something Bahill and Dean,http://www.sie.arizona.edu/sysengr/slides/

36. and….. POOF

37. turns it into nothing!

38. An engineer takes nothing 38

39. and….. 39 Bahill & Dean

40. turns it into something!

41. What is Systems Engineering (SE) • Design and control of complex technical systems • Basic resources: 4M - Men, Machines, Materials, Money (and Time) • Focuses on artificial systems – artifacts • Identifying and understanding all the requirements thesystem must meet • Understanding solutions options space • ‘Optimal’ path from requirements identification, viasolutions, through to customer satisfaction

42. Purpose • Produce systems that satisfy the customers’ needs • Increase the probability of success • Reduce risk • Reduce total-life-cycle cost

43. Artificial systems Typical features: • goals are formulated beforehand and outside of the system • system is highly ordered, uncertainty is not welcome • man stay outside of the system as its user, client; plays a passive role or acts as one of the system‘s resources

44. Early Systems developments Automobile technology about 1890 drew heavily on previous experience • Expectations centred on performance • Fundamental architecture based on years of evolution • Fundamental interactions and influences in the environment well precedented e.g. ‘we know who the stakeholders are’ • the problem to be tackled was clear

45. The Systems challengeis becoming more complex • Customer / Enterprise expectations • Constraints (performance, time, cost .. including through life cost etc) • Customers want Benefits achieved, not features for their own sake • We need to decide what is relevant to achieve those benefits • Customers want customisation & adaptability • Enterprise environment • extended, global … organisations, team dynamics & decisions are complex • Highly integrated with environment & other systems • stronger, wider influences & interrelationships • Increasing rate of change … & uncertainty • need to establish through life robustness … through life influences • Situations are becoming increasingly varied & unprecedented

46. An increasing number of subsystem options (choices) areavailable • Systems are more highly integrated than ever • The relationship between Function & Form is changingsignificantly ….. Systems engineers, must decide what is relevant andcritical ….. SE face open problems rather than closed problems

47. Implications for SE • establish a clear, common understanding of the problem across stakeholders, the SE team etc. • cannot rely on previous precedents • system context and associated decisions must be established and communicated explicitly • gaining confidence in the system is increasingly difficult • Soft methods are essential in dealing with ‘open’ problems

48. Methodology • define problem or task (of the system) • specify (system) goals • develop conceptual system design (system synthesis) • analyze and evaluate systems being designed • select suitable (optimum) system • deploy and operate the system

49. Define Requirements Retirement, Disposal & Replacement Investigate Alternatives The system life cycle Operation, Maintenance & Evaluation Full-Scale Design Integration & Test Implementation