Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (5th Ed)

1. Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (5th Ed) Chapter 9 (Part II) Intelligence

2. What is Intelligence? • Intelligence • mental abilities • involves ability to: • learn from experience • solve problems • reason effectively • meet challenges and achieve goals • adapt to new situations

3. Assessing Intelligence • Aptitude Test • assess a person’s capacity to learn • Achievement Test • assess what a person has learned

4. Origins of Intelligence • Mental Age • devised by Binet (Paris - early 1900s) • chronological age that typically corresponds to a given level of performance • child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8

5. Origins of Intelligence • Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test • the widely used American revision of Binet’s original intelligence test • revised by Lewis Terman (Stanford University)

6. Origins of Intelligence • Intelligence Quotient (IQ) • originally: ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 • IQ = ma/ca x 100) • now: computerized data base - average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100

7. Are There Multiple Intelligences? • Emotional Intelligence • perceiving emotions • recognition of emotions in faces, music, stories • understanding emotions • important for predicting emotions • managing emotions • know how & when to express them in various situations

8. Theories of Intelligence • One General Intelligence? • Spearman – believed we have one general intelligence • one factor that underlies our mental abilities OR • Multiple Intelligences? • Gardner’s Eight Intelligences • Sternberg’s triarchic theory

9. Gardner’s Eight Intelligences • Linguistic • Logical-mathematical • Musical • Spatial (“picture smart”) • Bodily-kinesthetic • Intrapersonal (self) • Interpersonal (other people) • Naturalist (“nature smart”) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KEFpaY3GI-I

10. Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory • Analytical Intelligence • academic problem-solving • assessed by intelligence tests with questions that have a single correct answer • Creative Intelligence • adapt to new situations • develop new ideas • Practical Intelligence • required for everyday tasks • problems that have multiple solutions

11. Assessing Intelligence • Wechsler Intelligence Scale • widely used intelligence test • Adults age 16+ (WAIS) • Children age 6-16 (WISC) • IQ score & 4 index scores • verbal comprehension • perceptual reasoning (nonverbal) • working memory • processing speed

12. Perceptual reasoning example

13. Perceptual Reasoning Example

14. Assessing Intelligence • Standardization • testing a group of people to see the scores that are typically obtained • Normal Curve • most scores fall near the average • fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes • Malcolm Gladwell book – Outliers • factors that go into extraordinary achievement • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hz4hPbHIZ6Y • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cSRu6CaJd_g&feature=fvw

15. Number of scores Sixty-eight percent of people score within 15 points above or below 100 Ninety-five percent of all people fall within 30 points of 100 55 70 85 100 115 130 145 Wechsler intelligence score The Normal Curve

16. Assessing Intelligence • Reliability • the extent to which a test yields consistent results • assessed by consistency of scores on • two halves of the test • alternate forms of the test • retesting the same individual • Validity • the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is suppose to

17. Assessing Intelligence • Content Validity • the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest • driving test that samples driving • Predictive Validity • success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict

18. Intelligence • Mental Retardation (Intellectual Disability) • a condition of limited mental ability • indicated by intelligence scores below 70 • varies from mild to profound • Down Syndrome • retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in genetic make-up

19. Degrees of Mental Retardation (Intellectual Disability - ID) Level Typical Intelligence Scores Percentage of those with ID Adaptation to Demands of Life Mild 50-70 85% May learn academic skills up to sixth-grade level. Adults may, with assistance, achieve self-supporting social and vocational skills. Moderate 35-49 10 May progress to second-grade level. academically. Adults may contribute to their own support by labor in sheltered workshops. Severe 20-34 3-4 May learn to talk and perform simple work tasks under close supervision but are generally unable to profit from vocational training. Profound below 20 1-2 Require constant aid and supervision. Intelligence

20. Savant Syndrome • a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an amazing specific skill • computation • drawing • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lkDMaJ-wZmQ

21. Similarity of intelligence scores (correlation) Siblings reared together Unrelated individuals reared together Identical twins reared together Identical twins reared apart Fraternal twins reared together Genetic Influences • The most genetically similar people have the most similar scores

22. Genetic Influences • Heritability • the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes • if variation in environments decreases (become more alike)  heritability (variation explained by genetics) will increase

23. 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 Child-parent correlation in verbal ability scores Children and their birth parents Adopted children and their birth parents Adopted children and their adoptive parents 3 years 16 years Genetic Influences