Protestantism’s Spread & The Catholic Response

1. Protestantism’s Spread & The Catholic Response SS.A.3.4.2; SS.B.1.4.4; SS.B.2.4.1

2. The Zwinglian Reformation • Ulrich Zwingli, priest from Zurich, convinces the city council to reform churches in Zurich • Abolishes relics and images in churches • Paintings removed, replaces with all white walls • Catholic mass replaced by scripture reading, prayer and sermons • Attempt to unite with Lutherans in Germany fails, because sides cannot agree on importance of Communion

4. John Calvin & Calvinism • War between Catholic and Protestant Swiss results in Zwingli’s death • John Calvin=new leader of Swiss reforms • French, but forced to live in Switzerland after he converts to Protestantism • Writes Institutes of the Christian Religion • Shared many beliefs with Lutherans • Calvin also believed in predestination • Belief that God has already chosen the saved • Calvinists believe they always do God’s work

6. Calvin In Geneva • 1536: Calvin attempts to reform Geneva • Establishes new government based on church • Consistory established as court to punish those who don’t follow church teaching • Geneva becomes a center of Protestantism • 1550: Calvinism more influential than Lutheranism; spreads to parts of France, the Netherlands, and Eastern Europe

7. The English Reformation • King Henry VIII of England wants an annulment, so he can marry another woman • First wife, Catherine of Aragon, births a girl • Henry wants to marry Anne B., wants a son • Asks pope for divorce—FAIL • Asks Archbishop of Canterbury—winning • 1534: Parliament splits from Catholic Church with “Act of Supremacy” • Henry stays close to Catholic teaching, son Edward VI’s priests like Protestantism • Henry and Catherine’s daughter “Bloody Mary” tries to bring England back to Pope, fails

9. The Anabaptists • Disliked state control of church like Luther and Calvin established • Anabaptists: faith should be by adults who choose a spiritual rebirth, and are baptized • Adult baptism was a new idea, different than those held by Catholics and Protestants • Separation of church and state=important • Ministers elected by people, from the community since all Christians are equal (but not women) • Did not believe in war or holding political office • Catholics & Protestants persecuted Anabaptists

11. The Protestant Family • Protestants do not think celibacy= a special holiness • Monasticism & celibacy for clergy abolished • Protestants believed in equality between man and woman • But in practice, men were still dominant, and women were expected to be obedient • Main role of women=bare children • Reformation did little for women’s rights

13. Jesuits & The Catholic Reformation • Mid-1500s: Protestantism is spreading • Catholic Church begins to reform itself • Jesuits, papacy reformed, Council of Trent • Jesuits “The Society of Jesus” was a religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola • Swear loyalty to pope, used education as tool • Reestablish Catholicism to eastern Europe and parts of Germany, Asia, Americas & Africa • Popes were no longer allowed to play an active role in politics, and military affairs

14. Council of Trent • Pope Paul III sees need for change, appoints Reform Commission in 1537 • Commission blames problems on popes’ abuses of power, politics and wealth • 1545: Pope, bishops, theologians, abbots and cardinals meet to discuss Catholic faith • Upholds: faith and good works needed for salvation, clerical celibacy, purgatory, sacraments, Eucharist • Sale of indulgences is forbidden

15. The Council of Trent

16. Do Now: • On page 401, write and answer questions 1-5