Nutrient Deficiency in Plants

1. Nutrient Deficiency in Plants Presented to: Prof. Dr. Ali Abdullah Alderfasi. Presented by: Zia Amjad

2. Environmental stress factors • Types of environmental factors • Biotic • Abiotic Nutrient stresses come under abiotic factor. Stress reactions resulting from sub-optimal and damaging quantities. Nutrient Stress deviation from the normal physiological processes as a result of sub-optimal or toxic concentrations of nutrition.

3. Environmental noxae: stress factors which trigger stress reactions when applied in any concentration, e.g. UV-B, Ozone, ionizing radiations, heavy metals, aluminum etc. • Specific and un-specific reactions to stress: un-specific reactions includes e.g. modification of basic metabolism. specific reactions include e.g. the production of heat shock proteins. currently 15-17 elements are known to be essential for plant growth, but the role in the physiological metabolism is not known in detail for all of them.

4. General effects of available nutrient concentration • The different ranges can be: • Extreme deficiency range • severe deficiency range • moderate deficiency range • luxury range • Toxic range Critical concentration range: it occurs between deficiency and luxury consumption. This information is useful for the measurement of the degree of stress in a plant.

5. Conditions for nutrient deficiency stress • Amount and concentration of nutrients in the soil. • Form of the soil. • The contents of the soil solutions. • Soil pH. Nutrient concentration in plants: these vary with • Plant age • Plant part • Plant species • Soil type

6. Deficiency symptoms • Symptom: is any perceptible change in known structure, appearance or function. These include: Yellowing (chlorosis) Death (necrosis) Lesions Malformations Malfunctions Reduced growth and yield

7. Confusion: Occurs when one realizes that similar symptoms can be seen by • Toxic levels of nutrients • Pathogenic organisms • Air pollutants • Pesticides Symptoms may vary with plant species or variety.

8. Important Point to remember for Stress diagnosis • Yield or growth rate is usually impaired before other symptoms of deficiency occur so that some other indications of at least the potential for a deficiency must be considered in any diagnosis procedure.

9. Important Definitions • An element is a pure chemical that contains only one type of atom. • A compound is a molecule that contains one or more elements.

10. Essential Elements • The 16 elements required by plants are obtained from the soil, water and air. • Thirteen of these elements must be supplied by the soil. • Six of the soil elements required by plants are needed in relatively large amounts and are usually added to the soil through fertilizer or lime. These are called macronutrients. • The remaining 7 elements supplied by soil are required in very small amounts and are termed micronutrients.

11. Macronutrients • Macronutrients are needed in relatively large amounts by plants.

12. Macronutrients – Form Used By Plants Charge on the molecule

13. Micronutrients • Macronutrients are needed in relatively small amounts by plants. • They are usually supplied by fertilizers.

14. Micronutrients – Form Used By Plants Charge on the molecule

15. Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms • Nutrient deficiency symptoms usually appear on the plant when one or more nutrients are in short supply. • In many cases, deficiency may occur because an added nutrient is not in the form the plant can use. • Deficiency symptoms for specific elements are included on the "Key to Nutrient Disorders".

16. Nutrient Deficiencies • Every soil is not susceptible to the same nutrient deficiencies. • For example, coarse-textured soils low in organic matter are susceptible to sulfur deficiencies whereas sulfur is usually in adequate supply in clayey soils or soils high in organic matter.

17. Macronutrient Deficiencies & Soils

18. Micronutrient Deficiencies & Soils

19. Deficiency Symptoms - N • General chlorosis. • Chlorosis progresses from light green to yellow. • Entire plant becomes yellow under prolonged stress. • Growth is immediately restricted and plants soon become spindly and drop older leaves. http://plantsci.sdstate.edu/woodardh/soilfert/Nutrient_Deficiency_Pages/soy_def/SOY-N1.JPG

20. Deficiency Symptoms - P • Leaves appear dull, dark green, blue green, or red-purple, especially on the underside, and especially at the midrib and vein. • Petioles may also exhibit purpling. Re­striction in growth may be noticed. http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~psoil120/images/tomatox2.jpg http://www.ext.vt.edu/news/periodicals/viticulture/04octobernovember/photo3.jpg

21. Deficiency Symptoms - K • Leaf margins tanned, scorched, or have necrotic spots (may be small black spots which later coalesce). • Margins become brown and cup downward. • Growth is restricted and die back may occur. • Mild symptoms appear first on recently matured leaves. http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/files/images/antonio004f.jpg

22. Deficiency Symptoms - Ca • Growing points usually damaged or dead (die back). • Margins of leaves developing from the growing point are first to turn brown. http://hubcap.clemson.edu/~blpprt/acid_photos/BlossomEndRot.JPG

23. Deficiency Symptoms - Mg • Marginal chlorosis or chlorotic blotches which later merge. • Leaves show yellow chlorotic interveinal tissue on some species, reddish purple progressing to necrosis on others. • Younger leaves affected with continued stress. • Chlorotic areas may become necrotic, brittle, and curl upward. • Symptoms usually occur late in the growing season. http://quorumsensing.ifas.ufl.edu/HCS200/images/deficiencies/-Mgcq.jpg

24. Deficiency Symptoms - S • Leaves uniformly light green, followed by yellowing and poor spindly growth. • Uniform chlorosis does not occur http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/plymouth/cropsci/graphics/sulfur2.jpg http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/aginfo/entomology/ndsucpr/Years/2007/june/7/soils.jpg

25. Deficiency Symptoms - Cu • Leaves wilt, become chlorotic, then necrotic. • Wilting and necrosis are not dominant symptoms. http://images.google.com/url?q=http://ipm.ncsu.edu/Scouting_Small_Grains/Grain_images/fig4.jpg&usg=AFQjCNE2vzRwrqp65VR_xKRlo2LQOgWI3g

26. Deficiency Symptoms - Fe • Distinct yellow or white areas appear between veins, and veins eventually become chlorotic. • Symptoms are rare on mature leaves. http://bexar-tx.tamu.edu/HomeHort/F1Column/2003Articles/Graphics/iron%20chlorosis.jpg

27. Deficiency Symptoms - Mn • Chlorosis is less marked near veins. • Some mottling occurs in interveinal areas. • Chlorotic areas eventually become brown, transparent, or necrotic. • Symptoms may appear later on older leaves. http://www.ca.uky.edu/HLA/Dunwell/KHC/110-122.JPG

28. Deficiency Symptoms - Zn • Leaves may be abnormally small and necrotic. • Internodes are shortened. http://agri.atu.edu/people/Hodgson/FieldCrops/Mirror/Nutrient%20Def_files/slide24.jpg http://plantsci.sdstate.edu/woodardh/soilfert/Nutrient_Deficiency_Pages/corn_def/CORN-ZN1.JPG

29. Deficiency Symptoms - B • Young, expanding leaves may be necrotic or distorted followed by death of growing points. • Internodes may be short, especially at shoot terminals. • Stems may be rough, cracked, or split along the vascular bundles. http://www.canr.msu.edu/vanburen/ffc12.jpg

30. Crops Highly Susceptible to Deficiencies

31. Thanks